Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstrak
Perkembangan teknologi dan ekonomi global membuat ruang angkasa tidak hanya digunakan oleh negara untuk tujuan ekonomi dan politiknya, melainkan telah menjadi tujuan juga bagi entitas-entitas di luar negara, dalam hal ini entitas non-pemerintah. Perusahaan multinasional tergolong entitas non-pemerintah. Fenomena perusahaan multinasional menjadi penting untuk diperhatikan, karena karakteristik bisnisnya lintas yurisdiksi nasional dan lebih dari satu negara serta melakukan kontrol bisnisnya dari satu negara. Dalam hukum ruang angkasa dikenal dengan istilah “national activity”, mengingat kegiatan ruang angkasa ini juga terkait dengan pertahanan politik suatu negara dan harus di bawah pengawasan negara, sehingga sulit untuk menentukan status kebangsaannya. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, maka yang menjadi permasalahan adalah bagaimana tanggung jawab perusahaan multinasional menurut hukum internasional dan hukum ruang angkasa dan bagaimana bentuk mekanisme pertanggungjawabannya. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa secara umum, sifat tanggung jawab dari negara menurut konteks hukum ruang angkasa adalah atribusi, dan bukan persoalan alokasi risiko. Oleh sebab itu, tanggung Jawab Perusahaan Multinasional dalam kegiatan keruangangkasaan, berdasarkan ketentuan yang ditetapkan untuk perusahaan multinasional ataupun dari rezim perdagangan internasional adalah memberikan kewajiban-kewajiban dari hukum internasional untuk mematuhi ketentuan hukum nasional suatu negara, tempat di mana perusahaan tersebut beroperasi.
Kata kunci: hukum ruang angkasa; keruangangkasaan; tanggung jawab perusahaan.
Abstract
The development of technology and the global economy make space not only used by the state for economic and political purposes, but has become a destination also for entities outside the State, in this case non-governmental entities. Multinational corporations classified as non-governmental entities. The phenomenon of multinational corporations is important to note, because the characteristics of the business across national jurisdictions and more than one country and control the business from one state. In space law known as ‘national activity’, given space activity is also associated with a political defense of a country and must be under the supervision of the state, making it difficult to determine the status of nationality. Based on this, then the problem is how the responsibility of multinational corporations according to international law and space law and how the form and mechanism of the responsibility. Based on the conclusions of the authors, in general, the nature of the responsibility of the State under a legal context space is attribution, and not about risk allocation. Therefore, Responsibilities of Multinationals companies in space activities, based on the provisions established for multinational companies or of the international trade regime is giving obligations of international law to comply with the national laws of a country, a place where the company operates.
Keywords: corporate liability; space activity; space law.
Keywords
Article Details
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References
- Buku
- An An Chandrawulan, Hukum Perusahaan Multinasional, CV. Keni Media, Bandung: 2014.
- _______________, Hukum Perusahaan Multinasional, Liberalisasi Hukum Perdagangan Internasional dan Hukum Penanaman Modal, PT. Alumni, Bandung: 2014.
- Bess C.M. Reijnen, The United Nations Space Treaties Analysed, Editions Frontiers, France: 1992.
- David Kairupan, Aspek Hukum Penanaman Modal Asing di Indonesia, Kencana Prenada Media Group, Jakarta: 2013.
- Damon Coletta and Frances T. Pilch (ed.), Space and Defense Policy, Routledge, London and New York: 2009.
- E. Saefullah Wiradipradja & Mieke Komar Kantatmadja (Ed.) Hukum Angkasa dan Perkembangannya, CV. Penerbit Remadja Karya, Bandung: 1988.
- Huala Adolf, Hukum Ekonomi Internasional (Suatu Pengantar), Keni Media, Bandung: 2011.
- ___________________, Hukum Perdagangan Internasional, Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada: 2013.
- Ida Bagus Wyasa Putra, Tanggung Jawab Negara Terhadap Dampak Komersial Ruang Angkasa, Refika Aditama, Bandung:2001.
- F.G. von der Dunk (Ed.), National Space Legislation in Europe: Issues of Authorisation of Private Space Activities in the Light of Developments in European Space Cooperation, Martinus Nijhoff Publisher, Leiden-Boston: 2011.
- Jawahir Thontowi & Pranoto Iskandar, Hukum Internasional Kontemporer, PT. Refika Aditama, Bandung: 2006.
- Julián Hermida, Legal Basis For A National Space Legislation, Dortrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Hague-London-Boston: 2004.
- Malcolm N. Shaw, International Law (fifth Edition), Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom: 2004.
- Mochtar Kusumaatmadja & Etty R. Agoes, Pengantar Hukum Internasional, PT. Alumni, Bandung: 2012.
- Ricky J Lee, Law and Regulation of Commercial Mining of Minerals In Outer Space, Springer, London: 2012.
- V. Kayser., Launching Space Objects (Issues of Liability and Future Prospects)., New York, Kluwer Academic Publishers: 2001.
- William R. Slomanson, Fundamental Perspectives on International Law (sixt Edition), Wadsworth Cengage Learning, Australia: 2011.,
- Yudha Bakti Adhiwisastra, Hukum Internasional (Bunga Rampai), PT. Alumni, Bandung: 2013.
- Jurnal
- Atip Latipulhayat, “Telecommunications Licensing Regime: A New Method of State Control After Privatisation of Telecommunications”, Journal of International Commercial Law and Technology, Vol.9 No.1, 2014.
- Bin Cheng, “International Responsibility And Liability For Launch Activities”, Air & Space Law, Vol. XX, No. 6, 1995.
- Bradley Larschan and Bonnie C. Brennan, “The Common Heritage Principle in International Law”, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 1982.
- Imam Prihandono, “Status dan Tanggung Jawab Multi-Nasional Companies (MNCs) dalam Hukum Internasional”, Global dan Strategies, Th. II No. 1, 2008.
- Zach Meyer, “Private Commercialization of Space in an International Regime: A Proposal for a Space District”, Nw. J. Int’l L. & Bus, 2010.
References
Buku
An An Chandrawulan, Hukum Perusahaan Multinasional, CV. Keni Media, Bandung: 2014.
_______________, Hukum Perusahaan Multinasional, Liberalisasi Hukum Perdagangan Internasional dan Hukum Penanaman Modal, PT. Alumni, Bandung: 2014.
Bess C.M. Reijnen, The United Nations Space Treaties Analysed, Editions Frontiers, France: 1992.
David Kairupan, Aspek Hukum Penanaman Modal Asing di Indonesia, Kencana Prenada Media Group, Jakarta: 2013.
Damon Coletta and Frances T. Pilch (ed.), Space and Defense Policy, Routledge, London and New York: 2009.
E. Saefullah Wiradipradja & Mieke Komar Kantatmadja (Ed.) Hukum Angkasa dan Perkembangannya, CV. Penerbit Remadja Karya, Bandung: 1988.
Huala Adolf, Hukum Ekonomi Internasional (Suatu Pengantar), Keni Media, Bandung: 2011.
___________________, Hukum Perdagangan Internasional, Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada: 2013.
Ida Bagus Wyasa Putra, Tanggung Jawab Negara Terhadap Dampak Komersial Ruang Angkasa, Refika Aditama, Bandung:2001.
F.G. von der Dunk (Ed.), National Space Legislation in Europe: Issues of Authorisation of Private Space Activities in the Light of Developments in European Space Cooperation, Martinus Nijhoff Publisher, Leiden-Boston: 2011.
Jawahir Thontowi & Pranoto Iskandar, Hukum Internasional Kontemporer, PT. Refika Aditama, Bandung: 2006.
Julián Hermida, Legal Basis For A National Space Legislation, Dortrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Hague-London-Boston: 2004.
Malcolm N. Shaw, International Law (fifth Edition), Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom: 2004.
Mochtar Kusumaatmadja & Etty R. Agoes, Pengantar Hukum Internasional, PT. Alumni, Bandung: 2012.
Ricky J Lee, Law and Regulation of Commercial Mining of Minerals In Outer Space, Springer, London: 2012.
V. Kayser., Launching Space Objects (Issues of Liability and Future Prospects)., New York, Kluwer Academic Publishers: 2001.
William R. Slomanson, Fundamental Perspectives on International Law (sixt Edition), Wadsworth Cengage Learning, Australia: 2011.,
Yudha Bakti Adhiwisastra, Hukum Internasional (Bunga Rampai), PT. Alumni, Bandung: 2013.
Jurnal
Atip Latipulhayat, “Telecommunications Licensing Regime: A New Method of State Control After Privatisation of Telecommunications”, Journal of International Commercial Law and Technology, Vol.9 No.1, 2014.
Bin Cheng, “International Responsibility And Liability For Launch Activities”, Air & Space Law, Vol. XX, No. 6, 1995.
Bradley Larschan and Bonnie C. Brennan, “The Common Heritage Principle in International Law”, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 1982.
Imam Prihandono, “Status dan Tanggung Jawab Multi-Nasional Companies (MNCs) dalam Hukum Internasional”, Global dan Strategies, Th. II No. 1, 2008.
Zach Meyer, “Private Commercialization of Space in an International Regime: A Proposal for a Space District”, Nw. J. Int’l L. & Bus, 2010.