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Abstract
Artikel ini menganalisis Non-Fungible Token (NFT) sebagai aset digital serta beberapa masalah hukum yang timbul terkait NFT terutama di bidang hukum kekayaan intelektual diantaranya pelindungan hak cipta serta konstruksi hukum kepemilikan hak cipta atas NFT dan korelasinya dengan pengembangan kekayaan intelektual (intellectual property development) dan komersialisasi NFT. Melalui penelitian deskriptif analisis dengan pendekatan yuridis normatif, hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa walaupun di Indonesia belum ada regulasi khusus yang secara eksplisit mengatur Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT), hak dari creator karya secara umum dilindungi oleh Undang – Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta, namun dari sudut pandang intellectual property development, NFT menghadirkan potensi pengembangan dan komersialisasi karya melalui media digital yang memiliki jangkauan luas serta memberikan peluang monetisasi yang lebih optimal. Terdapat beberapa tantangan misalnya terkait perlindungan hukum, digital theft dan konversi / minting karya tanpa izin dari pencipta / pemegang hak cipta yang asli. Dalam memformulasikan solusi dari permasalahan tersebut, penting untuk dipertimbangkan solusi dari aspek legal maupun aspek teknologi sebagai model perlindungan terhadap kekayaan intelektual dari ancaman pelanggaran yang diakibatkan oleh teknologi pula. Pendekatan teknologi misalnya melalui Technologies Protection Measures (TPM), Anti Copy Devices, Access Controlling Devices / Digital Envelope, Proprietary Viewer, Watermarking / Fingerprinting, Metering Systems maupun Electronic Copyright Management System (ECMS), sedangkan dari aspek legal dapat dilakukan formulasi regulasi pelindungan Hak Cipta dengan pendekatan teknologi seperti halnya Digital Millenium Copyrights Act 1998 (DMCA) yang diterapkan di AS, pendekatan kontraktual antar para pihak yang berkepentingan juga dapat diambil sebagai upaya memberikan pelindungan hukum dan kepastian hukum.
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References
- Bijan Stephen, “NFT Mania Is Here, And So Are The Scammers,” The Verge, Maret 2021, (https://www.theverge.com/2021/3/20/22334527/nft-scams-artists-opensea-rarible-marble-cards-fraud-art.)
- Daniel J Barsky, “Non-Fungible Tokens and Intellectual Property Law : Key Considerations Types of Works Being,” 2021, (https://www.hklaw.com/-/media/files/insights/publications/2021/07/nonfungibletokensandintellectualpropertylaw.pdf?la=en.),
- Elizabeth Howcroft, “NFT Sales Volume Surges to $2.5 Billion in 2021 First Half,” 2021, (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-fintech-nft-data-idCAKCN2EB1I8.).
- Gede Khrisna Kharismawan, “(NON-FUNGIBLE TOKEN) NFT SEBAGAI INSTRUMEN SURAT BERHARGA,” Jurnal RechtsVinding, 2021, (https://rechtsvinding.bphn.go.id/?page=artikel&berita=472.
- Ian R Kerr, Alana Maurushat dan Christian Tacit, “Technical Protection Measures : Tilting at Copyright’s Windmill,” Ottawa Law Review Vol. 34, No. 1, March 2003, , https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228171465_Technological_Protection_Measures_Tilting_at_the_Copyright_Windmill.
- Isabelle Lee, “The NFT Space Is Booming Again, but Experts Say There Are 5 Challenges the Digital Collectibles Space Still Needs to Overcome,” Business Insider India, 2021.( https://www.businessinsider.nl/the-nft-space-is-booming-again-but-experts-say-there-are-5-challenges-the-digital-collectibles-space-still-needs-to-overcome/.)
- Khwarizmi Maulana Simatupang, “Tinjauan Yuridis Perlindungan Hak Cipta Dalam Ranah Digital (Juridical Review of Copyright Protection in Digital Sector),” Jurnal Ilmiah Kebijakan Hukum 15, No. 1, 2021, (https://ejournal.balitbangham.go.id/index.php/kebijakan/article/view/1521.),
- Luke Dormehl, “A Brief History of NFTs,” Digitaltrends, 2021, ( https://www.digitaltrends.com/features/what-are-nfts-non-fungible-tokens-history-explained/.)
- Nadya Olga Aletha, “Memahami Non-Fungible Tokens ( NFT ) Di Industri Crypto Art,” 2021, https://cfds.fisipol.ugm.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/sites/1423/2022/01/80-CfDS-Case-Study-Memahami-Non-Fungible-Tokens-NFT-di-Industri-CryptoArt.pdf.
- NFT School, “Build a Minting Service,” 2021,( https://nftschool.dev/tutorial/minting-service/#getting-set-up.)
- Severine Dusollier, “Electrifying the Fence : The Legal Protection of Technological Measures for Protecting Copyright,” European Intellectual Property Review, Vol 21, March 1999, (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228459613_Electrifying_the_Fence_The_Legal_Protection_of_Technological_Measures_for_Protecting_Copyright.),
- The Finery Report, “When Cryptoart and Physical Art Collide”, 10 Maret 2021, (https://www.thefineryreport.com/articles/2021/3/10/when-cryptoart-and-physical-art-collide.)
- U.S. Copyright Office, The Digital Millennium Copyright Act, U.S. Copyright Office Summary, 1998, (https://www.copyright.gov/legislation/dmca.pdf.)
References
Bijan Stephen, “NFT Mania Is Here, And So Are The Scammers,” The Verge, Maret 2021, (https://www.theverge.com/2021/3/20/22334527/nft-scams-artists-opensea-rarible-marble-cards-fraud-art.)
Daniel J Barsky, “Non-Fungible Tokens and Intellectual Property Law : Key Considerations Types of Works Being,” 2021, (https://www.hklaw.com/-/media/files/insights/publications/2021/07/nonfungibletokensandintellectualpropertylaw.pdf?la=en.),
Elizabeth Howcroft, “NFT Sales Volume Surges to $2.5 Billion in 2021 First Half,” 2021, (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-fintech-nft-data-idCAKCN2EB1I8.).
Gede Khrisna Kharismawan, “(NON-FUNGIBLE TOKEN) NFT SEBAGAI INSTRUMEN SURAT BERHARGA,” Jurnal RechtsVinding, 2021, (https://rechtsvinding.bphn.go.id/?page=artikel&berita=472.
Ian R Kerr, Alana Maurushat dan Christian Tacit, “Technical Protection Measures : Tilting at Copyright’s Windmill,” Ottawa Law Review Vol. 34, No. 1, March 2003, , https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228171465_Technological_Protection_Measures_Tilting_at_the_Copyright_Windmill.
Isabelle Lee, “The NFT Space Is Booming Again, but Experts Say There Are 5 Challenges the Digital Collectibles Space Still Needs to Overcome,” Business Insider India, 2021.( https://www.businessinsider.nl/the-nft-space-is-booming-again-but-experts-say-there-are-5-challenges-the-digital-collectibles-space-still-needs-to-overcome/.)
Khwarizmi Maulana Simatupang, “Tinjauan Yuridis Perlindungan Hak Cipta Dalam Ranah Digital (Juridical Review of Copyright Protection in Digital Sector),” Jurnal Ilmiah Kebijakan Hukum 15, No. 1, 2021, (https://ejournal.balitbangham.go.id/index.php/kebijakan/article/view/1521.),
Luke Dormehl, “A Brief History of NFTs,” Digitaltrends, 2021, ( https://www.digitaltrends.com/features/what-are-nfts-non-fungible-tokens-history-explained/.)
Nadya Olga Aletha, “Memahami Non-Fungible Tokens ( NFT ) Di Industri Crypto Art,” 2021, https://cfds.fisipol.ugm.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/sites/1423/2022/01/80-CfDS-Case-Study-Memahami-Non-Fungible-Tokens-NFT-di-Industri-CryptoArt.pdf.
NFT School, “Build a Minting Service,” 2021,( https://nftschool.dev/tutorial/minting-service/#getting-set-up.)
Severine Dusollier, “Electrifying the Fence : The Legal Protection of Technological Measures for Protecting Copyright,” European Intellectual Property Review, Vol 21, March 1999, (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228459613_Electrifying_the_Fence_The_Legal_Protection_of_Technological_Measures_for_Protecting_Copyright.),
The Finery Report, “When Cryptoart and Physical Art Collide”, 10 Maret 2021, (https://www.thefineryreport.com/articles/2021/3/10/when-cryptoart-and-physical-art-collide.)
U.S. Copyright Office, The Digital Millennium Copyright Act, U.S. Copyright Office Summary, 1998, (https://www.copyright.gov/legislation/dmca.pdf.)