Main Article Content
Abstract
Grooming is a process of manipulation carried out by the groomer on the child so that the child believes that the groomer is worthy of admiration, trust, and love. If an emotional connection has been created, the groomer will easily commit sexual crimes against children. This research discusses the relationship patterns between groomers and victims, crimes targeted by groomers, and the urgency of drafting a law on child sexual grooming. It is normative juridical research that examines the emptiness of norms regarding child sexual grooming. The groomer builds an emotional relationship with the victim, both offline and online grooming, even starting with online grooming and continuing with offline grooming to realize the target of his actions. Targeted crimes can include obtaining pornographic photos and videos of the victim for the satisfaction of the perpetrator, using the victim's photos to humiliate, oppress and intimidate or take revenge on the victim, obtaining pornographic material to be sold to porn site users, and doing sexual intercourse with children. Unfortunately, Indonesia does not yet have a law on child sexual grooming, so pre-sexual violence is not a criminal offense. Criminalizing the Law on child sexual grooming will increase children's sensitivity to sexual violence.
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Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
- Book
- Doerner, William G., and Steven P. Lab. Victimology Sixth Edition. Elsevier, Burlington: 2012.
- Partiana, I Wayan. Hukum Pidana Internasional. Yrama Widya, Bandung: 2006.
- Winters, Georgia M., and Elizabeth L. Jeglic, Sexual Grooming Legislation and Policy in Sexual Grooming: Integrating Research, Practice, Prevention, and Policy. Springer, Switzerland: 2022.
- Journal
- Andaru, Imara Pramesti Normalita. “Cyber Child Grooming sebagai Bentuk Kekerasan Berbasis Gender Online di Era Pandemi.” Jurnal Wanita dan Keluarga, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2021. https://doi.org/10.22146/jwk.2242
- Bah, Yahya Muhammed, and Myrtati Dyah Artaria. “Child Sex Tourism Recruitment Techniques.” Journal of Educational, Health and Community Psychology, Vol. 9, No. 4, 2020. https://joergfritschi.ch/wp/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Child-Sex-Tourism-Recruitment-Techniques.pdf
- Bennett, Natalie, and William O'Donohue. “Identifying Grooming of Children for Sexual Abuse: Gender Effects and Increased False Positives from Internet Information.” International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, Vol. 20, No. 2, 2020. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7487722
- Borj, Parisa Rezaee, Kiran Raja, and Patrick Bours. “Online Grooming Detection: A Comprehensive Survey of Child Exploitation in Chat Logs.” Knowledge-Based Systems, Vol. 259, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2022.110039
- Chiu, Jonie, and Ethel Quayle. “Understanding Online Grooming: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Adolescents' Offline Meetings with Adult Perpetrators.” Child Abuse & Neglect, Vol. 128, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105600
- Dorasamy, Magiswari. et al. “Parents' Awareness on Online Predators: Cyber Grooming Deterrence.” The Qualitative Report, Vol. 26, No. 11, 2021. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2021.4914
- Gámez-Guadix, Manuel. et al. “Unraveling Cyber Sexual Abuse of Minors: Psychometrics Properties of the Multidimensional Online Grooming Questionnaire and Prevalence by Sex and Age.” Child Abuse & Neglect, Vol. 120, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105250
- Hidayati, Nur. “Perlindungan Anak terhadap Kejahatan Kekerasan Seksual (Pedofilia).” Ragam Jurnal Pengembangan Humaniora, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2014. https://jurnal.polines.ac.id/index.php/ragam/article/view/496
- Jeglic, Elizabeth L., Georgia M. Winters, and Benjamin N. Johnson. "Identification of Red Flag Child Sexual Grooming Behaviors.” Child Abuse & Neglect, Vol. 136, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105998
- Kamar, Eden, et al. “Parental Guardianship and Online Sexual Grooming of Teenagers: A Honeypot Experiment.” Computers in Human Behavior Vol. 137, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107386
- Kaynor, Leah E. et al. "An Analysis of Child Sexual Grooming Legislation in the United States." Psychology, Crime & Law, Vol. 29, No. 9, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2022.2043313
- Kazić, Ena. “A Brief Discourse About the Need for Criminalization of Online Grooming in Bosnia and Herzegovina.” Balkan Social Science Review, Vol. 18, No.18, 2021.
- Machimbarrena, Juan M. et al. “Internet Risks: An Overview of Victimization in Cyberbullying, Cyber Dating Abuse, Sexting, Online Grooming and Problematic Internet Use.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 15, No. 11, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112471
- Pollack, Daniel, and Andrea Mac Iver. “Understanding Sexual Grooming in Child Abuse Cases.” ABA Child Law Practice, Vol. 34, No. 11, 2015. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Daniel-Pollack-3/publication/284732040_Understanding_sexual_grooming_in_child_abuse_cases/links/59943914aca272ec9087e7d8/Understanding-sexual-grooming-in-child-abuse-cases.pdf
- Purandari, Twenty. “Pertanggungjawaban Hukum Pelaku Eksploitasi Seksual pada Anak melalui Internet.” Media Iuris, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2019. https://doi.org/10.20473/mi.v2i2.12717
- Ringenberg, Tatiana R., et al. “A Scoping Review of Child Grooming Strategies: Pre-and Post-Internet.” Child Abuse & Neglect, Vol. 123, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105392
- Schoeps, Konstanze, et al. “Risk Factors for Being a Victim of Online Grooming in Adolescents.” Psicothema, Vol. 32, No. 1, 2020. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2019.179
- Sukmana, Oman. “Konsep dan Desain Negara Kesejahteraan (Welfare State).” Jurnal Sospol, Vol. 2, No.1, 2016. https://doi.org/10.22219/sospol.v2i1.4759
- Winters, Georgia M., and Elizabeth L. Jeglic. “Sexual Grooming Behaviours in Sibling Sexual Harm.” Journal of Sexual Aggression, Vol. 29, No. 3, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2023.2249491
- __________. “Stages of Sexual Grooming: Recognizing Potentially Predatory Behaviors of Child Molesters.” Deviant Behavior, Vol. 38, No. 6, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2016.1197656
- __________. “The Sexual Grooming Scale–Victim Version: The Development and Pilot Testing of a Measure to Assess the Nature and Extent of Child Sexual Grooming.” Victims & Offenders, Vol. 17, No. 6, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2021.1974994
- Winters, Georgia M., Elizabeth L. Jeglic, and Karen J. Terry. "The Prevalence of Sexual Grooming Behaviours in a Large Sample of Clergy." Sexual Abuse, Vol. 34, No. 8, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/10790632211070803
- Winters, Georgia M., Leah E. Kaylor, and Elizabeth L. Jeglic. “Toward a Universal Definition of Child Sexual Grooming.” Deviant Behavior, Vol. 43, No. 8, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2021.1941427
- Legislations
- Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 44 of 2008 concerning Pornography.
- Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Amendments to Law Number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection.
- Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1 of 2024 concerning the Second Amendment to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions.
- Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children.
- Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse, 2007.
- Other Resources
- Aulia, Anastasia, and Sabrina Asril. “Waspada Grooming, Modus Pencabulan Anak dengan Membangun Hubungan!” 2019. https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2019/07/24/12113401/waspada-grooming-modus-pencabulan-anak-dengan-membangun-hubungan?page=all
- ECPAT International, “Protecting Children from Online Sexual Exploitation; A Guide to Action for Religious Leaders and Communities,” 2016, https://srhr.dspace-express.com/server/api/core/bitstreams/4f03f095-0f33-4c7f-98b3-12c532e54e19/content
- ICMEC. “Online Grooming of Children for Sexual Purposes: Model Legislation & Global Review.” 2017. https://www.icmec.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Online-Grooming-of-Children_FINAL_9-18-17.pdf
- Kemenpppa. “Peta Sebaran Jumlah Kasus Kekerasan Menurut Provinsi, Tahun 2024.” 2024. https://kekerasan.kemenpppa.go.id/ringkasan
- Kodongan, Febry. “Child Grooming, Modus Ayah Tiri Cabuli Icha, Anak 10 Tahun yang Tewas Pada 2021.” 2023. https://kumparan.com/manadobacirita/child-grooming-modus-ayah-tiri-cabuli-icha-anak-10-tahun-yang-tewas-pada-2021-1zvcpI8t0GK/full
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2015). Study on the Effects of New Information Technologies on the Abuse and Exploitation of Children. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/documents/Cybercrime/Study_on_the_Effects.pdf
References
Book
Doerner, William G., and Steven P. Lab. Victimology Sixth Edition. Elsevier, Burlington: 2012.
Partiana, I Wayan. Hukum Pidana Internasional. Yrama Widya, Bandung: 2006.
Winters, Georgia M., and Elizabeth L. Jeglic, Sexual Grooming Legislation and Policy in Sexual Grooming: Integrating Research, Practice, Prevention, and Policy. Springer, Switzerland: 2022.
Journal
Andaru, Imara Pramesti Normalita. “Cyber Child Grooming sebagai Bentuk Kekerasan Berbasis Gender Online di Era Pandemi.” Jurnal Wanita dan Keluarga, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2021. https://doi.org/10.22146/jwk.2242
Bah, Yahya Muhammed, and Myrtati Dyah Artaria. “Child Sex Tourism Recruitment Techniques.” Journal of Educational, Health and Community Psychology, Vol. 9, No. 4, 2020. https://joergfritschi.ch/wp/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Child-Sex-Tourism-Recruitment-Techniques.pdf
Bennett, Natalie, and William O'Donohue. “Identifying Grooming of Children for Sexual Abuse: Gender Effects and Increased False Positives from Internet Information.” International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, Vol. 20, No. 2, 2020. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7487722
Borj, Parisa Rezaee, Kiran Raja, and Patrick Bours. “Online Grooming Detection: A Comprehensive Survey of Child Exploitation in Chat Logs.” Knowledge-Based Systems, Vol. 259, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2022.110039
Chiu, Jonie, and Ethel Quayle. “Understanding Online Grooming: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Adolescents' Offline Meetings with Adult Perpetrators.” Child Abuse & Neglect, Vol. 128, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105600
Dorasamy, Magiswari. et al. “Parents' Awareness on Online Predators: Cyber Grooming Deterrence.” The Qualitative Report, Vol. 26, No. 11, 2021. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2021.4914
Gámez-Guadix, Manuel. et al. “Unraveling Cyber Sexual Abuse of Minors: Psychometrics Properties of the Multidimensional Online Grooming Questionnaire and Prevalence by Sex and Age.” Child Abuse & Neglect, Vol. 120, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105250
Hidayati, Nur. “Perlindungan Anak terhadap Kejahatan Kekerasan Seksual (Pedofilia).” Ragam Jurnal Pengembangan Humaniora, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2014. https://jurnal.polines.ac.id/index.php/ragam/article/view/496
Jeglic, Elizabeth L., Georgia M. Winters, and Benjamin N. Johnson. "Identification of Red Flag Child Sexual Grooming Behaviors.” Child Abuse & Neglect, Vol. 136, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105998
Kamar, Eden, et al. “Parental Guardianship and Online Sexual Grooming of Teenagers: A Honeypot Experiment.” Computers in Human Behavior Vol. 137, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107386
Kaynor, Leah E. et al. "An Analysis of Child Sexual Grooming Legislation in the United States." Psychology, Crime & Law, Vol. 29, No. 9, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2022.2043313
Kazić, Ena. “A Brief Discourse About the Need for Criminalization of Online Grooming in Bosnia and Herzegovina.” Balkan Social Science Review, Vol. 18, No.18, 2021.
Machimbarrena, Juan M. et al. “Internet Risks: An Overview of Victimization in Cyberbullying, Cyber Dating Abuse, Sexting, Online Grooming and Problematic Internet Use.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 15, No. 11, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112471
Pollack, Daniel, and Andrea Mac Iver. “Understanding Sexual Grooming in Child Abuse Cases.” ABA Child Law Practice, Vol. 34, No. 11, 2015. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Daniel-Pollack-3/publication/284732040_Understanding_sexual_grooming_in_child_abuse_cases/links/59943914aca272ec9087e7d8/Understanding-sexual-grooming-in-child-abuse-cases.pdf
Purandari, Twenty. “Pertanggungjawaban Hukum Pelaku Eksploitasi Seksual pada Anak melalui Internet.” Media Iuris, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2019. https://doi.org/10.20473/mi.v2i2.12717
Ringenberg, Tatiana R., et al. “A Scoping Review of Child Grooming Strategies: Pre-and Post-Internet.” Child Abuse & Neglect, Vol. 123, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105392
Schoeps, Konstanze, et al. “Risk Factors for Being a Victim of Online Grooming in Adolescents.” Psicothema, Vol. 32, No. 1, 2020. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2019.179
Sukmana, Oman. “Konsep dan Desain Negara Kesejahteraan (Welfare State).” Jurnal Sospol, Vol. 2, No.1, 2016. https://doi.org/10.22219/sospol.v2i1.4759
Winters, Georgia M., and Elizabeth L. Jeglic. “Sexual Grooming Behaviours in Sibling Sexual Harm.” Journal of Sexual Aggression, Vol. 29, No. 3, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2023.2249491
__________. “Stages of Sexual Grooming: Recognizing Potentially Predatory Behaviors of Child Molesters.” Deviant Behavior, Vol. 38, No. 6, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2016.1197656
__________. “The Sexual Grooming Scale–Victim Version: The Development and Pilot Testing of a Measure to Assess the Nature and Extent of Child Sexual Grooming.” Victims & Offenders, Vol. 17, No. 6, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2021.1974994
Winters, Georgia M., Elizabeth L. Jeglic, and Karen J. Terry. "The Prevalence of Sexual Grooming Behaviours in a Large Sample of Clergy." Sexual Abuse, Vol. 34, No. 8, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/10790632211070803
Winters, Georgia M., Leah E. Kaylor, and Elizabeth L. Jeglic. “Toward a Universal Definition of Child Sexual Grooming.” Deviant Behavior, Vol. 43, No. 8, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2021.1941427
Legislations
Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 44 of 2008 concerning Pornography.
Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Amendments to Law Number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection.
Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1 of 2024 concerning the Second Amendment to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions.
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children.
Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse, 2007.
Other Resources
Aulia, Anastasia, and Sabrina Asril. “Waspada Grooming, Modus Pencabulan Anak dengan Membangun Hubungan!” 2019. https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2019/07/24/12113401/waspada-grooming-modus-pencabulan-anak-dengan-membangun-hubungan?page=all
ECPAT International, “Protecting Children from Online Sexual Exploitation; A Guide to Action for Religious Leaders and Communities,” 2016, https://srhr.dspace-express.com/server/api/core/bitstreams/4f03f095-0f33-4c7f-98b3-12c532e54e19/content
ICMEC. “Online Grooming of Children for Sexual Purposes: Model Legislation & Global Review.” 2017. https://www.icmec.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Online-Grooming-of-Children_FINAL_9-18-17.pdf
Kemenpppa. “Peta Sebaran Jumlah Kasus Kekerasan Menurut Provinsi, Tahun 2024.” 2024. https://kekerasan.kemenpppa.go.id/ringkasan
Kodongan, Febry. “Child Grooming, Modus Ayah Tiri Cabuli Icha, Anak 10 Tahun yang Tewas Pada 2021.” 2023. https://kumparan.com/manadobacirita/child-grooming-modus-ayah-tiri-cabuli-icha-anak-10-tahun-yang-tewas-pada-2021-1zvcpI8t0GK/full
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2015). Study on the Effects of New Information Technologies on the Abuse and Exploitation of Children. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/documents/Cybercrime/Study_on_the_Effects.pdf