Testing The Suitability of The Indonesian and Vietnamese Baselines under UNCLOS
Article Sidebar
Published:
Jan 31, 2024
Keywords:
Indonesian Baseline, Vietnamese Baseline, Maritime Delimitation, UNCLOS, Maritime Boundary
Main Article Content
Abstract
The method for drawing baselines for the determination of maritime areas has been regulated in UNCLOS through three legal baselines, namely Normal Baselines, Straight Baselines, and Archipelagic Baselines. Respectively these approaches have been modified to suit the typical geographic features of a coastal state. However, the determination of baselines by several states is inconsistent with applicable regulations and has the potential to cause disputes with neighboring states. Indonesia has established straight baselines based on archipelago theory, on the other hand, Vietnam has established straight baselines. This article tries to identify the suitability of determining the baseline from Indonesia and Vietnam based on UNCLOS provisions and concludes that there was a violation of Article 7 of UNCLOS by Vietnam.
Article Details
How to Cite
Widodo, M. (2024). Testing The Suitability of The Indonesian and Vietnamese Baselines under UNCLOS. Padjadjaran Journal of International Law, 8(1), 19-33. https://doi.org/10.23920/pjil.v8i1.1199
Issue
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Book
Aust, Anthony. Handbook of International Law 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Blake, Gerald. (Ed.). Maritime Boundaries and Ocean Resources 1st edition. Routledge Revivals, 1987.
Bureau of Intelligence and Research. International Boundary Study, Limit in the Sea: Straight Baseline Indonesia. Department of State USA, 1971.
Bureau of Intelligence and Research. Limits in the Seas No. 99 Straight Baseline: Vietnam. Department of State USA, 1983.
Bureau of Intelligence and Research. Limits in the Seas No. 106 Developing Standard Guidelines for Evaluating Straight Baseline. Department of State USA, 1987.
Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs. Limits in the Seas No. 141 Indonesia: Archipelagic and other Maritime Claims and Boundaries. Department of State USA, 2014.
Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. Handbook on the Delimitation of Maritime Boundaries. United Nations, 2000.
Forbes, Vivian Louis. Indonesia’s Delimited Maritime Boundaries, Springer Berlin, 2014.
Lowe, Robin Rolf Churchill & Alan Vaughan. The Law of the Sea 2nd edition. Manchester University Press, 1988.
Melchior, Kevin Baumert & Brian. Ocean Development & International Law. Routledge, 2015.
Nossum, Johan Henrik. Straight Baselines of Vietnam, Master Thesis of Law. The University of Oslo, (unpublished theses), 2000.
Nossum, Johan Henrik. What Vietnam Could Gain From Redrawing Its Baselines. IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin, Winter 2001-2002.
Office for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. Baselines: An Examination of the Relevant Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. United Nations, 1989.
Platzöder, R. Second Summary Records, 7th Meeting Third United Nations Conference on the Law Of The Sea. Oceana, 1982.
Schofield, Victor Prescott, and Clive. The Maritime Boundaries Of The World 2nd Edition. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2014.
Smith, J. Ashley Roach & Robert W. Excessive Maritime Claims 3rd edition. Martinus Nijhoff, 2012.
Westerman, W. Michael Reisman&Gayl S. Straight Baselines in International Maritime Boundary Delimitation. Palgrave Macmillan, 1992.
Journal
Fatihah, Damos Dumoli Agusman & Citra Yuda Nur. Celebrating The 25th Anniversary of UNCLOS Legal Perspective: The Natuna Sea. Indonesian Journal of International Law, Vol. 17, No. 4, 2020, pp. 539-564. DOI: 10.17304/ijil.vol17.4.799 accessed 8 December 2022.
Gayl S. Westerman, Straight Baselines in International Law: A Call for
Reconsideration, Pace University: Pace Law Faculty Publications, 1988, at.268. http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/lawfaculty/230/ accessed 6 December 2022.
Hsiao, Anne Hsiu-An. Unilateral Actions and the Rule of Law in Maritime Boundary Disputes. Brill: Asian Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 22, 2016, pp. 237-254. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004379633_012. accessed 8 December 2022.
Qureshi, Waseem Ahmad. State Practices Of Straight Baselines Institute Excessive Maritime Claims. Southern Illinois University Law Journal, Vol. 42, No. 1, 2018.
Reisman, W. Michael. Straight Baselines in International Law: A Call for Reconsideration. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law), vol. 82, 1988.
Online Paper
Kementerian Luar Negeri. “About Indonesia”. https://kemlu.go.id/frankfurt/en/pages/sekilas_tentang_indonesia/4695/etc-menu accessed 8 December 2022.
Parameswaran, Prashanth. “The Old Challenge in the New Indonesia-Vietnam South China Sea Clash”. https://thediplomat.com/2019/05/the-old-challenge-in-the-new-indonesia-vietnam-south-china-sea-clash/ accessed 6 December 2022.
Pham, Lihn. “Vietnam protests Indonesia's sinking of 13 Vietnamese fishing boats”. https://hanoitimes.vn/vietnam-protests-indonesias-sinking-of-13-vietnamese-fishing-boats-619.html accessed 6 December 2022.
Website
United Nations Secretary-General. “Secretary-General's remarks to Meeting of State Parties to the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea on the 25th anniversary of its entry into force [as delivered]”. https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2019-06-17/secretary-generals-remarks-meeting-of-state-parties-the-un-convention-the-law-of-the-sea-the-25th-anniversary-of-its-entry-force-delivered accessed 8 December 2022.
Regulation
Undang-Undang nomor 1 tahun 1973 tentang Landas Kontinen Indonesia
Undang-Undang nomor 5 tahun 1983 tentang Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif Indonesia
Undang-Undang nomor 17 tahun 1985 tentang Pengesahan United Nations Convention On The Law Of The Sea (Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa Tentang Hukum Laut)
Undang-Undang nomor 6 tahun 1996 tentang Perairan Indonesia
Keputusan Presiden nomor 17 8 tahun 1999 tentang Pengesahan Agreement Relating to The Implementation of Part XI of The United Nations Convention On The Law of The Sea Of 10 December 1982
Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang nomor 4 tahun 1960 tentang Perairan Indonesia
Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 38 Tahun 2002 tentang Daftar Koordinat Geografis Titik-Titik Garis Pangkal Kepulauan Indonesia
Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 37 tahun 2008 tentang Perubahan atas Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 38 Tahun 2002 tentang Daftar Koordinat Geografis Titik-Titik Garis Pangkal Kepulauan Indonesia.
Statement of 12 November 1982 by the Government of The Socialist Republic of Vietnam on The Territorial Sea Baseline of Vietnam.
Statement of 12 May 1977 by the Government of The Socialist Republic of Vietnam on The Territorial Sea, The Contiguous Zone, The Exclusive Economic Zone, and The Continental Shelf of Vietnam.
Treaty
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982.
Aust, Anthony. Handbook of International Law 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Blake, Gerald. (Ed.). Maritime Boundaries and Ocean Resources 1st edition. Routledge Revivals, 1987.
Bureau of Intelligence and Research. International Boundary Study, Limit in the Sea: Straight Baseline Indonesia. Department of State USA, 1971.
Bureau of Intelligence and Research. Limits in the Seas No. 99 Straight Baseline: Vietnam. Department of State USA, 1983.
Bureau of Intelligence and Research. Limits in the Seas No. 106 Developing Standard Guidelines for Evaluating Straight Baseline. Department of State USA, 1987.
Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs. Limits in the Seas No. 141 Indonesia: Archipelagic and other Maritime Claims and Boundaries. Department of State USA, 2014.
Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. Handbook on the Delimitation of Maritime Boundaries. United Nations, 2000.
Forbes, Vivian Louis. Indonesia’s Delimited Maritime Boundaries, Springer Berlin, 2014.
Lowe, Robin Rolf Churchill & Alan Vaughan. The Law of the Sea 2nd edition. Manchester University Press, 1988.
Melchior, Kevin Baumert & Brian. Ocean Development & International Law. Routledge, 2015.
Nossum, Johan Henrik. Straight Baselines of Vietnam, Master Thesis of Law. The University of Oslo, (unpublished theses), 2000.
Nossum, Johan Henrik. What Vietnam Could Gain From Redrawing Its Baselines. IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin, Winter 2001-2002.
Office for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. Baselines: An Examination of the Relevant Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. United Nations, 1989.
Platzöder, R. Second Summary Records, 7th Meeting Third United Nations Conference on the Law Of The Sea. Oceana, 1982.
Schofield, Victor Prescott, and Clive. The Maritime Boundaries Of The World 2nd Edition. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2014.
Smith, J. Ashley Roach & Robert W. Excessive Maritime Claims 3rd edition. Martinus Nijhoff, 2012.
Westerman, W. Michael Reisman&Gayl S. Straight Baselines in International Maritime Boundary Delimitation. Palgrave Macmillan, 1992.
Journal
Fatihah, Damos Dumoli Agusman & Citra Yuda Nur. Celebrating The 25th Anniversary of UNCLOS Legal Perspective: The Natuna Sea. Indonesian Journal of International Law, Vol. 17, No. 4, 2020, pp. 539-564. DOI: 10.17304/ijil.vol17.4.799 accessed 8 December 2022.
Gayl S. Westerman, Straight Baselines in International Law: A Call for
Reconsideration, Pace University: Pace Law Faculty Publications, 1988, at.268. http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/lawfaculty/230/ accessed 6 December 2022.
Hsiao, Anne Hsiu-An. Unilateral Actions and the Rule of Law in Maritime Boundary Disputes. Brill: Asian Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 22, 2016, pp. 237-254. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004379633_012. accessed 8 December 2022.
Qureshi, Waseem Ahmad. State Practices Of Straight Baselines Institute Excessive Maritime Claims. Southern Illinois University Law Journal, Vol. 42, No. 1, 2018.
Reisman, W. Michael. Straight Baselines in International Law: A Call for Reconsideration. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law), vol. 82, 1988.
Online Paper
Kementerian Luar Negeri. “About Indonesia”. https://kemlu.go.id/frankfurt/en/pages/sekilas_tentang_indonesia/4695/etc-menu accessed 8 December 2022.
Parameswaran, Prashanth. “The Old Challenge in the New Indonesia-Vietnam South China Sea Clash”. https://thediplomat.com/2019/05/the-old-challenge-in-the-new-indonesia-vietnam-south-china-sea-clash/ accessed 6 December 2022.
Pham, Lihn. “Vietnam protests Indonesia's sinking of 13 Vietnamese fishing boats”. https://hanoitimes.vn/vietnam-protests-indonesias-sinking-of-13-vietnamese-fishing-boats-619.html accessed 6 December 2022.
Website
United Nations Secretary-General. “Secretary-General's remarks to Meeting of State Parties to the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea on the 25th anniversary of its entry into force [as delivered]”. https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2019-06-17/secretary-generals-remarks-meeting-of-state-parties-the-un-convention-the-law-of-the-sea-the-25th-anniversary-of-its-entry-force-delivered accessed 8 December 2022.
Regulation
Undang-Undang nomor 1 tahun 1973 tentang Landas Kontinen Indonesia
Undang-Undang nomor 5 tahun 1983 tentang Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif Indonesia
Undang-Undang nomor 17 tahun 1985 tentang Pengesahan United Nations Convention On The Law Of The Sea (Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa Tentang Hukum Laut)
Undang-Undang nomor 6 tahun 1996 tentang Perairan Indonesia
Keputusan Presiden nomor 17 8 tahun 1999 tentang Pengesahan Agreement Relating to The Implementation of Part XI of The United Nations Convention On The Law of The Sea Of 10 December 1982
Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang nomor 4 tahun 1960 tentang Perairan Indonesia
Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 38 Tahun 2002 tentang Daftar Koordinat Geografis Titik-Titik Garis Pangkal Kepulauan Indonesia
Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 37 tahun 2008 tentang Perubahan atas Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 38 Tahun 2002 tentang Daftar Koordinat Geografis Titik-Titik Garis Pangkal Kepulauan Indonesia.
Statement of 12 November 1982 by the Government of The Socialist Republic of Vietnam on The Territorial Sea Baseline of Vietnam.
Statement of 12 May 1977 by the Government of The Socialist Republic of Vietnam on The Territorial Sea, The Contiguous Zone, The Exclusive Economic Zone, and The Continental Shelf of Vietnam.
Treaty
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982.