How Could Deportation become Illegal Deportation? (The Case of Deportation of Myanmar Nationals by Malaysia)
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Published:
Oct 27, 2023
Keywords:
deportation, illegal migrants, coup d’état, non-refoulement principle, persécution
Main Article Content
Abstract
February 2022; Malaysia deported more than 1000 undocumented migrants from Myanmar back to Myanmar, even though a coup d’état had already occurred in Myanmar. This paper will explore the nexus between coup d’état and well-founded fear of persecution and assess the decision by Malaysia to deport Myanmar immigrants back to Myanmar with the nonrefoulement principle. This paper's findings showed a clear nexus between a coup d’état and well-founded fear of persecution to some extent; the nexus appears when the Coup creates uncertainty in citizen's live and people in a dangerous situation. Consequently, the deportation decision by Malaysia violated the non-refoulment principle, and the deportation became illegal. This paper utilized the normative method to analyze the research problem.
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How to Cite
Susanto, F. A., Majid, Y. R., Ikaningtyas, & Nursasmita, M. A. (2023). How Could Deportation become Illegal Deportation? (The Case of Deportation of Myanmar Nationals by Malaysia). Padjadjaran Journal of International Law, 7(2), 193 - 214. https://doi.org/10.23920/pjil.v7i2.1370
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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Heller, Hermann. Sovereignty: A Contribution to the Theory of Public and International Law. Edited by David Dyzenhaus, Translated by Belinda Cooper, First edition, Oxford University Press, 2019.
Hathaway, James C., and Michelle Foster. The Law of Refugee Status. Second edition, Cambridge University Press, 2014
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Orakhelashvili, Alexander. Peremptory Norms in International Law. Oxford University Press, 2008.
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Allain, J. ‘The Jus Cogens Nature of Non-Refoulement’. International Journal of Refugee Law, vol. 13, no. 4, 2001, pp. 533–58. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/13.4.533.
Aleshkovski, Ivan A. ‘Illegal Immigration as A Structural Factor of Global Development’. Globalistics and Globalization Studies, 2013, https://www.sociostudies.org/books/files/globalistics_and_globalization_studies_2/243-256.pdf.
Arenilla, Shirley Llain. ‘Violations to the Principle of Non-Refoulement Under the Asylum Policy of the United States’. Anuario Mexicano de Derecho Internacional, vol. 15, no. 1, 2015. DOI., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amdi.2014.09.005.
Buckinx, B., and A. Filindra. ‘The Case against Removal: Jus Noci and Harm in Deportation Practice’. Migration Studies, vol. 3, no. 3, 2015, pp. 393–416. DOI., https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnu072.
Costello, Cathryn, and Michelle Foster. ‘Non-Refoulement as Custom and Jus Cogens? Putting the Prohibition to Test’. Netherlands Yearbook of International Law, vol. 46, 2015, https://doi.org/doi: 0.1007/978-94-6265-114-2_10.
Curley, Melissa, and Kahlia Vandyk. ‘The Securitisation of Migrant Smuggling in Australia and Its Consequences for the Bali Process’. Australian Journal of International Affairs, vol. 71, no. 1, 2017. DOI.org, https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2016.1181149.
De Andrade, José H. Fischel. ‘On the Development of the Concepts of “Persecution” in International Refugee Law’. Anuario Brasileiro De Direito Internacional, vol. 2, 2008, https://corteidh.or.cr/tablas/r27152.pdf.
Droege, Cordula. ‘Transfers of Detainees: Legal Framework, Non-Refoulement and Contemporary Challenges’. International Review of the Red Cross, vol. 90, no. 871, 2008, pp. 669–701. DOI., https://doi.org/10.1017/S1560775508000102.
Drotbohm, Heike, and Ines Hasselberg. ‘Deportation, Anxiety, Justice: New Ethnographic Perspectives’. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol. 41, no. 4, 2015, pp. 551–62. DOI., https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2014.957171.
Ernawati, Ninin. ‘The Dilemma of Australian Pacific Solution: The Non-Refoulement Principle Versus National Security’. PADJADJARAN JURNAL ILMU HUKUM (JOURNAL OF LAW), vol. 6, no. 2, 2019, jurnal.unpad.ac.id, http://jurnal.unpad.ac.id/pjih/article/view/23997
Hathaway, James. ‘Leveraging Asylum’. Articles, 2010, https://repository.law.umich.edu/articles/294.
ICRC. ‘Note on Migration and the Principle of Non-Refoulement: ICRC, 2018’. International Review of the Red Cross, vol. 99, no. 904, Apr. 2017, pp. 345–57. DOI., https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383118000152.
Kalir, Barak. ‘Qualifying Deportation: How Police Translation of “Dangerous Foreign Criminals” Led to Expansive Deportation Practices in Spain’. Security Dialogue, 2022, p. 096701062211187. DOI https://doi.org/10.1177/09670106221118798.
Karp, David Jason. ‘What Is the Responsibility to Respect Human Rights? Reconsidering the “Respect, Protect, and Fulfill” Framework’. International Theory, vol. 12, no. 1, 2020. DOI https://doi.org/10.1017/S1752971919000198.
Kaur, A. International Migration and Governance in Malaysia: Policy and Performance. 2008. Semantic Scholar, https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/International-Migration-and-Governance-in-Malaysia%3A-Kaur/db33008b482055de1a6bcb9098503b8999564b09.
McAdam, Jane. ‘An Intellectual History of Freedom of Movement in International Law: The Right to Leave as a Personal Liberty’. Melbourne Journal of International Law, vol. 12, 2011.
Olafsson, Nadine. ‘When Military Coups d’état Become Acts of Social Justice’. E-International Relations, 2020, https://www.e-ir.info/2020/01/17/when-military-coups-detat-become-acts-of-social-justice/.
Rüegger, Seraina. ‘Refugees, Ethnic Power Relations, and Civil Conflict in the Country of Asylum’. Journal of Peace Research, vol. 56, no. 1, 2019, DOI., https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343318812935.
Schmid, Lukas. ‘Deportation, Harms, and Human Rights’. Ethics & Global Politics, vol. 14, no. 2, 2021, pp. 98–109. DOI., https://doi.org/10.1080/16544951.2021.1926083.
Supat, Dina Imam. ‘Escaping the Principle of Non-Refoulement’. International Journal of Business, vol. 2, no. 3, 2013, http://ijbel.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Escaping-The-Principle-Of-NonRefoulement-Dina-Imam-Supaat.pdf.
Susanto, Fransiska Ayulistya. ‘PERLINDUNGAN HAK ASASI MANUSIA BAGI PENGUNGSI DI NEGARA NON-ANGGOTA KONVENSI STATUS PENGUNGSI 1951’. Law Review, vol. 20, no. 2, 2020, DOI., https://doi.org/10.19166/lr.v20i2.2689.
Scholten, Andrew. International Law Aspects of Forced Deportations and Expulsions. Congress on Urban Issues, 2016, https://www.aacademica.org/andrew.scholten/9.pdf.
Syahrin, M. Alvi. ‘The Implementation of Non-Refoulement Principle to the Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Indonesia’. Sriwijaya Law Review, vol. 1, no. 2, 2017, DOI., https://doi.org/10.28946/slrev
Tasioulas, J. ‘Human Rights, Legitimacy, and International Law’. The American Journal of Jurisprudence, vol. 58, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajj/aut001.
Von Sternberg, Mark R. ‘Reconfiguring the Law of Non-Refoulement: Procedural and Substantive Barriers for Those Seeking to Access Surrogate International Human Rights Protection’. Journal on Migration and Human Security, vol. 2, no. 4, 2014, DOI., https://doi.org/10.1177/233150241400200404.
Legal Documents and Cases
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment’. OHCHR, https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-against-torture-and-other-cruel-inhuman-or-degrading. Accessed 3 Mar. 2023.
Law of Malaysia Act 155. Immigration Act 1959/63, 1 Jan. 2006.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights’. United Nations, https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights. Accessed 3 May 2023.
General Comment 31, Nature of the General Legal Obligation on States Parties to the Covenant. 2004, http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/gencomm/hrcom31.html. U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.13.
‘R v . Immigration Appeal Tribunal Ex Parte Jonah’. International Law Reports, vol. 87, 1992, pp. 358–64. DOI., https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316152157.045.
Reports
Engblom, Anna. TRIANGLE in ASEAN Quarterly Briefing Notes. Report, 15 May 2023. www.ilo.org, http://www.ilo.org/asia/publications/WCMS_614378/lang--en/index.htm.
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. Scope of the Principle of Non-Refoulement in Contemporary Border Management :Evolving Areas of Law. Publications Office, 2016. DOI.org (CSL JSON), https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2811/39416.
ILO. Triangle in ASEAN Quarterly Briefing Note. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/documents/genericdocument/wcms_614381.pdf.
International Law Commission. Annex: Jus Cogen. Report of The International Law Commission 66th Session, https://legal.un.org/ilc/reports/2014/english/annex.pdf.
---. Expulsion of Aliens . UN General Assembly, 10 July 2006, https://legal.un.org/ilc/documentation/english/a_cn4_565.pdf.
Koser, Khalid, and Marie McAuliffe. Establishing an Evidence-Base for Future Policy Development on Irregular Migration to Australia. 01, 2013, Department of Immigration and Citizenship, Australia Government, 2013, https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/evidence-base-for-future-policy.pdf.
Lursmanashvili, Lasha. The Peremptory Nature of Non-Refoulement Obligation: Juridico-Ethical Argument for Humanity. Lund University, 2021, https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=9049756&fileOId=9049760.
Mc Auliffe, Marie. Seeking the Views of Irregular Migrants: Decision Making, Drivers and Migration Journeys. Occasional Paper Series, 05/2013, Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Australia Government, 2013, https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/views-irregular-migrant-decision-drivers-journey.pdf.
McAuliffe, MarieDennison, James, and Binod Khadria. World Migration Report 2020. International Organization for Migration, 2019.
OHCHR. Differentiation between Migrants and Refugees. OHCHR, https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Migration/GlobalCompactMigration/MigrantsAndRefugees.pdf.
OHCHR. Expulsions of Aliens in International Human Rights Law. OHCHR, 2006, https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/9_12_2014.pdf.
Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. ‘Refworld | CCPR General Comment No. 27: Article 12 (Freedom of Movement)’. Refworld, https://www.refworld.org/docid/45139c394.html. Accessed 3 May 2023.
Websites
Al Jazeera. Malaysia Deports 1,086 Myanmar Nationals despite Court Order. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/23/malaysia-deports-1200-people-to-myanmar. Accessed 3 Mar. 2023.
Ananthalakshmi, A., and Rozanna Latiff. ‘Malaysia Puts Deportations to Myanmar on Hold till after ASEAN Meets - Sources’. Reuters, 24 Mar. 2021. www.reuters.com, https://www.reuters.com/article/myanmar-politics-malaysia-idUSL4N2LE3GO.
BBC. ‘Myanmar Coup: Generals Celebrated amid Global Fury over Massacre’. BBC News, 28 Mar. 2021. www.bbc.com, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-56547381.
Cuddy, Alice. ‘Myanmar: Who Are the Rulers Who Have Executed Democracy Campaigners?’ BBC News, 2 Feb. 2021. www.bbc.com, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-55902070.
Human Rights Watch. ‘Malaysia: Investigate Return of 1,086 Myanmar Nationals’. Human Rights Watch, 24 Feb. 2021, https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/02/24/malaysia-investigate-return-1086-myanmar-nationals.
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