Human Rights in the Distribution of Vaccines Against Civilians According to International Law: An Analysis of Human Rights Problems in the Acceptance of Vaccines COVID-19 in Philippines
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
In an effort to boost the Philippines' economic recovery amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, the government made the decision in January 2022 to allow foreign tourists to enter the country without the need for quarantine, as long as they can provide proof of vaccination. However, some Filipinos have expressed discontent with this choice, as unvaccinated individuals continue to face travel difficulties. Addressing this issue, President Rodrigo Duterte has warned that those who choose not to get vaccinated and violate stay-at-home orders may face arrest. Extensive analysis and literature review have revealed that vaccination is a communal right. While the decision to receive a vaccine is a personal choice, legal principles dictate that every individual has the right to choose what substances are introduced into their body. However, in cases where there is a high risk of contagion, such as with Covid-19, governments may mandate the distribution of vaccines for public safety. This conclusion is based on an evaluation of international legal instruments, including the UDHR, ICCPR, ICESCR, and others.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)
Siracusa Prinsiple on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
Journals
Kristin, Debby and Dewi, Chloryne Trie Isana. (2021). “The Rights of Children Refugee in Transit Country under the CRC, A Case of Indonesia: An Intended Negligence on the Implementation of Non-Discrimination Principle?”, Padjadjaran Journal of International Law, Volume. 5 Number. 1.
Iryana, Fivi Fajar and Leksono, Handojo. (2018). “Analisis Kebijakan Presiden Duterte Melakukan Extrajudicial Killing Dalam Memberantas Narkoba Di Filipina Berdasarkan Statuta Roma 1998”, Belli ac Pacis. Vol. 4. No.1.
Rachmadi, Triyo. (2021) “Protection Of Healthcare Workers’ Rights To Refuse the Covid-19 Vaccination in Kebumen District”, Volume 3, Issue 2.
K. W. Todrys, E. Howe, and J. J. (2013). "Failing Siracusa: governments’ obligations to find the least restrictive options for tuberculosis control", Public Health Action, Volume 3, Number 1.
Narrative Review: Metode Analisis Produk Vaksin yang Aman dan Halal Berdasarkan 66 Perspektif Bioteknologi IJMA: International Journal Mathla’ul Anwar of Halal Issues, Volume 1 Number 1.
Books
Saut P. Panjaitan. (1998). Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Hukum (Asas, Pengertian, dan Sistematika), (Palembang: Penerbit Universitas Sriwijaya, 1998),
Websites
Andre Bagas Saputra, “Vaksinasi Covid-19 Hak atau Kewajiban?”, https://law.uii.ac.id/blog/2021/09/06/vaksinasi-covid-19-hak-atau-kewajiban/ accessed on 30th June 2022.
General comment No. 37 (2020) on the right of peaceful assembly (article 21), Paragraph 45.
Republika.co.id, “Duterte Ancam Hukum Pejabat Jika Vaksinasi Covid-19 Lambat” https://www.republika.co.id/berita/r1zrx0459/duterte-ancam-hukum-pejabat-jika-vaksinasi-covid19-lambat accessed on 30 June 2022.
Global Health, “Duterte Threatens To Arrest Filipinos Who Refuse Vaccination”, https://www.npr.org/2021/06/22/1009038842/duterte-threatens-to-arrest-filipinos-who-refuse-vaccination accessed on 30th June 2022.
HIstory.com, “Pandemics That Changed History” https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/pandemics-timeline accessed on 28th June 2023
Independent, “Philippines lifts ban on foreign tourists as outbreak eases”, https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/southeast-asia/philippines-tourists-covid-omicron-cases-b2002764.html accessed on 30th June 2022.
Kompas.com, “Vaksin Cacar, Vaksin Pertama yang Berhasil”, diakses melalui https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2020/03/22/080000369/vaksin-cacar-vaksin-pertama-yang-berhasil?page=all#:~:text=Vaksin%20cacar%20kemudian%20dikembangkan%20oleh,Inggris%20dan%20terbukti%20lebih%20aman. Accessed on 3rd July 2023.
BBC News Indonesia, “Sejarah Kewajiban Vaksin dan Penolakan Terhadapnya: “Bukan sesuatu yang baru” sejak tabib China abad ke-17, Perang Revolusi Amerika hingga Covid-19”. https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/vert-fut-60366277 accessed on 3th July 2023
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OCHR), “International Law”, https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/internationallaw.aspx. Accessed on 30 June 2022.
Ridhoi, M. A. (2020). Sejarah Pandemi dan Epidemi di Dunia yang Memicu Gejolak Politik. Katadata.Co.Id.
HIstory.com, “Pandemics That Changed History” https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/pandemics-timeline accessed on 28th June 2023.
Republika.co.id, “Duterte Ancam Hukum Pejabat Jika Vaksinasi Covid-19 Lambat” https://www.republika.co.id/berita/r1zrx0459/duterte-ancam-hukum-pejabat-jika-vaksinasi-covid19-lambat accessed on 30th June 2022.