The Use of Private Contracted Armed Security Personnel (PCASP) As an Anti-Piracy Measure and Solution
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Published:
Oct 27, 2023
Keywords:
PCASP, PMSC, Maritime Security, Armed Robberies, Piracy
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Abstract
The sea route is one of the best options chosen by national and international traders because of lower cost when we compare it to using air freight and the increasing use of merchant ships for international trade, makes people take advantages such as sea piracy and armed robbery and a solution to protect from these things commercial vessels use the services of the Private Contracted Armed Security Personnel (PCASP) and the Private Maritime Security Company (PMSC). The absence of international regulations regarding the use of these services raises pros and cons between coastal states and with special policies in particular regarding the territorial sea of a coastal state. Thus, there is a big question that the use of PCASP and PMSC is in accordance with international law with existing regulations and how Indonesia as a coastal state sees the use of such services as a solution to avoid piracy. The formation of soft laws and agreements is a way out at this time in order to maintain maritime security from the dangers of sea piracy and armed robberies.
Article Details
How to Cite
Afriansyah, A., & Hartoyo, Y. M. A. (2023). The Use of Private Contracted Armed Security Personnel (PCASP) As an Anti-Piracy Measure and Solution. Padjadjaran Journal of International Law, 7(2), 234 - 253. https://doi.org/10.23920/pjil.v7i2.1406
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Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Anwar, Khaidir. Hukum Laut Internasional dalam Perkembangan (Bandar Lampung: Justice Publisher, 2015).
Balakrishnan, K. S. dan Helena Varkkey. The Straits of Malacca: Malaysia’s Threat Perception and Strategy for Maritime Security, (Singapore: Palgrave, 2017).
Bosse, Eloi. Prediction and Recognition of Piracy Efforts Using Collaborative Human-Centric Information System. (Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2013).
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Tanaka, Yoshifumi. The International Law of the Sea. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).
Wauters, Gilles. Private Military Companies: An Era of Regulation? (Louvain-la-Neuve: Université Catholique de Louvain, 2018).
Journals
Aryadi, Duwi & Kharismunandar, Jhuanda & Setiyono, Joko. “Implementasi Penerapan Yurisdiksi Negara dalam Pembajakan Kapal di Perairan Laut Indonesia (Sea Piracy)”, Halu Oleo Law Review Vol 4, No 2 (September, 2020), pp. 190-207
Attard, Felicity. “IMO’s Contribution to Internatinal Law Regulating Maritime Security.” J. Mar. L. & Com. Vol. 45, 2014
Gindarsih, Iis dan Adhi Priamarizki, “Indonesia’s Maritime Doctrine and Security Concerns”, Rajaratnam School of International Studies Policy Report (April, 2015).
Gunawan, Yordan. “Penegakan Hukum Terhadap Pembajakan di Laut melalui Yurisdiksi Mahkamah Pidana Internasional”, Jurnal Media Hukum Vol. 19, No. 1 (2012),
Hasebe, Masamichi. “The use of Privately Contracted Armed Security Personnel (PCASP) to defend against the threat of Piracy Differences between Japan and the UK”, Journal of Maritime Researches Vol. 4 (March 2014), pp.. 43-52.
Ikrami, Hadyu. “Sulu-Sulawesi Seas Patrol: Lessons from the Malacca Straits Patrol and other Similar Cooperative Frameworks”, The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law Vol. 33, No. 4, (2018), pp.. 799-826.
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Purnawarnantha, Selo P. and Arie Afriansyah, “Securitization of the Merchant Vessels by the Private Contracted Armed Security Personnel: A Legal Perspective”, Law Reform. Vol. 17, No. 2, 2021, pp. 267-286.
Putri, Siti Noor Malia Putri. “Archipelagic State Responsibility on Armed Robbery at Sea”, Indonesian Journal of International Law Vol. 14, No. 4. (2017), pp. 477-496.
Qamarina Anwar, Aimie, et.al. “National and International Regulation and Practices Pertaining to PMSC of Malaysia”, Prosiding Politeknik Ilmu Pelayaran Makassar. Vol. 1, No. 4, 2021, pp. 114-119.
Razak, Zarina & Abidah, and Syakirah. “Privately Contracted Armed Security Personnel (PCASP) and States Domestic Regulation”, Legal Network Series. No. 1 LNS(A) 143, 2018.
Santoso, Dewi dan Fadhillah Nafisah. “Indonesia’s Global Maritime Axis Doctrine: Security Concerns and Recommendations”, Jurnal Hubungan Internasional Vol. 10, No. 2 (2017).
Schechinger, Jessica. N. M. “Responsibility for Human Rights Violations Arising from the use of PCASP against Piracy. Re-emphasizing the Primary Role and Obligations of Flag States”, Amsterdam Center for International Law No. 58, 2014.
Svanberg, Katinka. “The Use of Private Maritime Guards as an Innovative Means to Fulfil states duty to cooperate in the repression of maritime piracy”, International Journal of Maritime Crime & Security (IJMCS). Vol. 1, No. 2, September, 2020.
Thamrin A.R., HM. “Manajemen Keselamatan Maritim dan Upaya Pencegahan Kecelakaan Kapal ke Titik Nol”, Jurnal Ilmiah WIDYA Vol. 3, No. 2, 2015.
Twyman-Goshel, Anamika dan Glenn Pierce, “The Changing Nature of Contemporary Maritime Piracy” The British Journal of Criminology. Vol. 54, No. 4, 2014.
Van Hespen, Ilja “Protecting Merchant Ships from Maritime Piracy by Privately Contracted Armed Security Personnel: A Comparative Analysis of Flag State Legislation and Port and Coastal State Requirements”, Journal of Maritime Law & Commerce. Vol. 45, No. 3, July 2014.
White, Nigel D. “Due Diligence Obligations of Conduct: Developing a Responsibility Regime for PMSCs” Crim. Just. Ethics, Vol. 31, 2012.
Williams, Paul R. and Lowry Pressly. “Maritime Piracy: A Sustainable Global Solution”, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. Vol. 46, No. 1, 2014.
Zubaidah, Sharifah dan Abdulkadir, “Privatization of Maritime Security Surveillance and Enforcement: A Compromise of State Sovereignty”, Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization Vol. 9, 2013.
Legal Documents
International Maritime Organization Maritime Safety Committee 90th Session
Circular International Maritime Organization Maritime Safety Committee IMO MSC.1/Circ.1333/Rev.1, 12 June 2015
Circular International Maritime Organization Maritime Safety Committee IMO MSC.1/Circ.1405/Rev.2, 25 May 2012
Circular International Maritime Organization Maritime Safety Committee IMO MSC.1/Circ.1408, 16 September 2011
Circular International Maritime Organization Maritime Safety Committee IMO MSC-FAL.1/Circ.2, 22 September 2011
The Montreux Document,
Undang Undang No. 32 Tahun 2014 tentang Kelautan
Undang-Undang No. 17 Tahun 1985 tentang Pengesahan United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Konvensi PBB tentang Hukum Laut)
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982
Website
GUARDCON. https://www.bimco.org/contracts-and-clauses/bimco-contracts/guardcon
International Maritime Organization. Private Armed Security – IMO Approves Further Interim Guidance on PCASP. https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Security/Pages/Private-Armed-Security.aspx
International Maritime Organization. Maritime Secutiry. https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Security/Pages/Default.aspx
Badan Keamanan Laut RI. 24 Januari 2021. Bakamla RI Amankan Dua Kapal Tanker Diduga Lakukan Transfer BBM Illegal. https://bakamla.go.id/berita/read/bakamla-ri-amankan-dua-kapal-tanker-diduga-lakukan-transfer-bbm-illegal.html
Albalad.Co. 2 Februari 2021. Bakamla Temukan Enam Senjata dalam Kapal Tanker Iran. https://albalad.co/kabar/2021A10708/bakamla-temukan-enam-senjata-dalam-kapal-tanker-iran/
Anwar, Khaidir. Hukum Laut Internasional dalam Perkembangan (Bandar Lampung: Justice Publisher, 2015).
Balakrishnan, K. S. dan Helena Varkkey. The Straits of Malacca: Malaysia’s Threat Perception and Strategy for Maritime Security, (Singapore: Palgrave, 2017).
Bosse, Eloi. Prediction and Recognition of Piracy Efforts Using Collaborative Human-Centric Information System. (Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2013).
Kementerian Luar Negeri RI, Diplomasi Poros Maritim: Keamanan Maritim dalam Perspektif Politik Luar Negeri. (Jakarta: Badan Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Kebijakan KEMLU RI, 2016).
Kraska, James. Modern Piracy: Legal Challenges and Responses. (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2013).
Nurdiansyah, Dickry Rizanny. Strategi dan Pertahanan Maritim Nusantara. (Makassar: CV. Nas Media Pustaka, 2020).
Rosyidin, Mohammad. Indonesia: Menuju Kekuatan Global Abad 21. (Jakarta: PT. Elex Media Komputindo, 2019).
Sodhik, Dikdik M. Hukum Laut Internasional & Pengaturannya di Indonesia. (Bandung: Refika Aditama, 2011).
Tanaka, Yoshifumi. The International Law of the Sea. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).
Wauters, Gilles. Private Military Companies: An Era of Regulation? (Louvain-la-Neuve: Université Catholique de Louvain, 2018).
Journals
Aryadi, Duwi & Kharismunandar, Jhuanda & Setiyono, Joko. “Implementasi Penerapan Yurisdiksi Negara dalam Pembajakan Kapal di Perairan Laut Indonesia (Sea Piracy)”, Halu Oleo Law Review Vol 4, No 2 (September, 2020), pp. 190-207
Attard, Felicity. “IMO’s Contribution to Internatinal Law Regulating Maritime Security.” J. Mar. L. & Com. Vol. 45, 2014
Gindarsih, Iis dan Adhi Priamarizki, “Indonesia’s Maritime Doctrine and Security Concerns”, Rajaratnam School of International Studies Policy Report (April, 2015).
Gunawan, Yordan. “Penegakan Hukum Terhadap Pembajakan di Laut melalui Yurisdiksi Mahkamah Pidana Internasional”, Jurnal Media Hukum Vol. 19, No. 1 (2012),
Hasebe, Masamichi. “The use of Privately Contracted Armed Security Personnel (PCASP) to defend against the threat of Piracy Differences between Japan and the UK”, Journal of Maritime Researches Vol. 4 (March 2014), pp.. 43-52.
Ikrami, Hadyu. “Sulu-Sulawesi Seas Patrol: Lessons from the Malacca Straits Patrol and other Similar Cooperative Frameworks”, The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law Vol. 33, No. 4, (2018), pp.. 799-826.
Juliawati, Tiara Mawahdah. “Upaya Indonesia dalam Mewujudkan Keamanan Maritim Pada Masa Pemerintahan Joko Widodo”, eJournal Ilmu Hubungan Internasional Vol. 6, No. 3, (2018), pp.. 1389-1404.
Marefand, Nodi dan Apri Rotin Djusfi. “Penerapan Peraturan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Nomor 12 Tahun 2013 tentang Pengawasan Pengelolaan Wilayah Pesisir di Kabupaten Aceh Jaya”, Ius Civile: Refleksi Penegakan Hukum dan Keadilan Vol. 2, No. 1 (2018), pp. 122-129.
Nilasari and Lorna Steele. “UNCLOS Defintion of Piracy: Is it still Relevant for Modern Piracy?”, Mulawarman Law Review Vol. 7, No. 2, December 2022.
Petrig, Anna. “The Use of Force and Firearms by Private Maritime Security Against Suspected Pirates”, International & Comparative Law Quarterly Vol. 62, No. 3, 2013,
Posende, Lukas Yance Putra. “Tanggung Jawab Pengangkut pada Perjanjian Pengangkutan Barang Melalui Laut Ditinjau dari Pasal 468 KUHD tentang Pengangkutan Barang. (Analisa Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2316 K/ Pdt/2015”, Rechtsegel Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Vol. 2, No. 2, 2019, pp. 693-712.
Pratiwi, D. K. “Implementasi Prinsip Yurisdiksi Universal mengenai Pemberantasan Kejahatan Perompakan Laut di Indonesia”, Supremasi Jurnal Hukum Vol. 1, No. 2 (2018), pp. 55-66.
Purnawarnantha, Selo P. and Arie Afriansyah, “Securitization of the Merchant Vessels by the Private Contracted Armed Security Personnel: A Legal Perspective”, Law Reform. Vol. 17, No. 2, 2021, pp. 267-286.
Putri, Siti Noor Malia Putri. “Archipelagic State Responsibility on Armed Robbery at Sea”, Indonesian Journal of International Law Vol. 14, No. 4. (2017), pp. 477-496.
Qamarina Anwar, Aimie, et.al. “National and International Regulation and Practices Pertaining to PMSC of Malaysia”, Prosiding Politeknik Ilmu Pelayaran Makassar. Vol. 1, No. 4, 2021, pp. 114-119.
Razak, Zarina & Abidah, and Syakirah. “Privately Contracted Armed Security Personnel (PCASP) and States Domestic Regulation”, Legal Network Series. No. 1 LNS(A) 143, 2018.
Santoso, Dewi dan Fadhillah Nafisah. “Indonesia’s Global Maritime Axis Doctrine: Security Concerns and Recommendations”, Jurnal Hubungan Internasional Vol. 10, No. 2 (2017).
Schechinger, Jessica. N. M. “Responsibility for Human Rights Violations Arising from the use of PCASP against Piracy. Re-emphasizing the Primary Role and Obligations of Flag States”, Amsterdam Center for International Law No. 58, 2014.
Svanberg, Katinka. “The Use of Private Maritime Guards as an Innovative Means to Fulfil states duty to cooperate in the repression of maritime piracy”, International Journal of Maritime Crime & Security (IJMCS). Vol. 1, No. 2, September, 2020.
Thamrin A.R., HM. “Manajemen Keselamatan Maritim dan Upaya Pencegahan Kecelakaan Kapal ke Titik Nol”, Jurnal Ilmiah WIDYA Vol. 3, No. 2, 2015.
Twyman-Goshel, Anamika dan Glenn Pierce, “The Changing Nature of Contemporary Maritime Piracy” The British Journal of Criminology. Vol. 54, No. 4, 2014.
Van Hespen, Ilja “Protecting Merchant Ships from Maritime Piracy by Privately Contracted Armed Security Personnel: A Comparative Analysis of Flag State Legislation and Port and Coastal State Requirements”, Journal of Maritime Law & Commerce. Vol. 45, No. 3, July 2014.
White, Nigel D. “Due Diligence Obligations of Conduct: Developing a Responsibility Regime for PMSCs” Crim. Just. Ethics, Vol. 31, 2012.
Williams, Paul R. and Lowry Pressly. “Maritime Piracy: A Sustainable Global Solution”, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. Vol. 46, No. 1, 2014.
Zubaidah, Sharifah dan Abdulkadir, “Privatization of Maritime Security Surveillance and Enforcement: A Compromise of State Sovereignty”, Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization Vol. 9, 2013.
Legal Documents
International Maritime Organization Maritime Safety Committee 90th Session
Circular International Maritime Organization Maritime Safety Committee IMO MSC.1/Circ.1333/Rev.1, 12 June 2015
Circular International Maritime Organization Maritime Safety Committee IMO MSC.1/Circ.1405/Rev.2, 25 May 2012
Circular International Maritime Organization Maritime Safety Committee IMO MSC.1/Circ.1408, 16 September 2011
Circular International Maritime Organization Maritime Safety Committee IMO MSC-FAL.1/Circ.2, 22 September 2011
The Montreux Document,
Undang Undang No. 32 Tahun 2014 tentang Kelautan
Undang-Undang No. 17 Tahun 1985 tentang Pengesahan United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Konvensi PBB tentang Hukum Laut)
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982
Website
GUARDCON. https://www.bimco.org/contracts-and-clauses/bimco-contracts/guardcon
International Maritime Organization. Private Armed Security – IMO Approves Further Interim Guidance on PCASP. https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Security/Pages/Private-Armed-Security.aspx
International Maritime Organization. Maritime Secutiry. https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Security/Pages/Default.aspx
Badan Keamanan Laut RI. 24 Januari 2021. Bakamla RI Amankan Dua Kapal Tanker Diduga Lakukan Transfer BBM Illegal. https://bakamla.go.id/berita/read/bakamla-ri-amankan-dua-kapal-tanker-diduga-lakukan-transfer-bbm-illegal.html
Albalad.Co. 2 Februari 2021. Bakamla Temukan Enam Senjata dalam Kapal Tanker Iran. https://albalad.co/kabar/2021A10708/bakamla-temukan-enam-senjata-dalam-kapal-tanker-iran/