Maritime Terrorism V. Piracy at Sea: Prevention of Maritime Security Threats and the Responsibility of States to Prevent in the Perspective of International Law
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Abstract
The sea is used as an alternative spatial medium to realize the interests and goals of each country. Nearly 80% of the world's cargo is transported by sea with more than 112,000 ships manned by more than 1.5 million seafarers. However, the sea is also a vulnerable area to violence, including maritime terrorism and piracy at sea which can threaten maritime security and the national economy if there is no special handling. Several conventions govern the international legal regime, including UNCLOS 1982, the SUA Convention, and the ISPS Code. Under international law, coastal states are responsible and obliged to prevent acts of terrorism by taking necessary measures to enhance their maritime security.
Article Details
How to Cite
Kultsum, F. (2024). Maritime Terrorism V. Piracy at Sea: Prevention of Maritime Security Threats and the Responsibility of States to Prevent in the Perspective of International Law. Padjadjaran Journal of International Law, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.23920/pjil.v8i2.1884
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Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Books
Alexander, Yonah, Maritime Terrorism: an Overview of Challenges and Responses in Terror on the High Seas: from Piracy to Strategic Challenge: Vol. 1, California: ABC-Clio.
Bowley, Robin. Preventing Terrorist Attacks at Sea: Maritime Terrorism Risk and International Law, New York: Routledge, 2023.
Carolin Liss, Ocean of Crime: Maritime Piracy and Transnatonal Security in Southeat Asia and Bangladesh, ISEAS Publication, Pasir Panjang: 2011.
Diajeng Wulan Christianti, Hukum Pidana Internasional, Sinar Grafika, Jakarta: 2021.
James Kraska, Contemporary Maritime Piracy: International Law, Strategy, and Diplomacy at Sea, California, ABC-CLIO: 2011.
Madhvendra Singh, “Maritime Counter-Terrorism: Navies of the World, Unite” in Maritime Conter-Terrorism A Pan-Asian Perspective, Dorling Kindersley, New Delhi: 2008.
Martin N. Murphy, Contemporary Piracy and Maritime Terrorism: The Threat on International Security, Routledge, New York: 2007.
Martin R. Murphy, Small Boats, Weak States, Dirty Money Piracy & Maritime Terrorism in the Modern World, HURST Publisher, London: 2008.
Michael Richardson, A Time Bomb for Global Trade: Maritime-Related Terrorism in an Age of Weapons of Mass Destruction, ISEAS Publication, Pasir Panjang: 2004.
Robert Haywood dan Roberta Spivak, Maritime Piracy, Routledge, New York: 2012.
Tolib Efendi, Hukum Pidana Internasional, Medpress Digital, Yogyakarta: 2014.
Journals
Abhijit Singh, “Maritime Terrorism in Asia: An Assessment”, OFR Occasional Paper, 2019.
Alviandini Nanda Fajriah dan Emmy Latifah, “Peran ASEAN dalam menanggulangi Terorisme di Laut sebagai Ancaman terhadap Keamanan Maritim”, Jurnal Belli ac Pacis, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2018.
Indrawan Putra, Try Satria & Lazarus Tri Setyawanta, “Pertanggungjawaban Negara terkait Permasalahan Hukum yang Timbul Akibat Indisiden Terorisme Maritim”, Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2020.
J. Ashley Roach, “Countering Piracy off Somalia: International Law and International Institutions”, The American Journal of International Law, Vol 104, No. 3, 2010.
Khalil Ur Rahman Rahman, “Piracy and Maritime Terrorism: Serious Perils to Sea Security”, Global Strategic & Security Studies Review, Vol. 5, No. 3, 2020.
Lydelle Joubert, “The Extent of Maritime Terrorism and Piracy: A Comparative Analysis”, Scentia Militaria, South African Journal of Military Studies, Vol. 1, No. 41.
Nadim Aktar dan Montaser Dar Nasser. “Terrorism at Sea: Role of International Legal Instruments and Challenges Ahead”, European Academic Research Vol. 5, No. 10, 2018.
Natalya A. Knyazeva dan Alexander I. Korobeev, “Maritime Terrorism and Piracy: The Threat to Maritime Security”, Mediterranean Journal of Social Science, Vol. 6, No. 6.
Nong Hong dan Adolf K.Y. Ng, “The International Legal Instruments in Addressing Piracy and Maritime Terrorism: A Critical Review”, Research in Transportation Economics 27 No. 1.
Oladipupo S. Alaka, “Fighting Piracy and Maritime Terrorism at Sea: The Perspective of International Law”, International Journal of Comparative Law and Legal Philosophy, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2021.
Rajput, Aniruddha. “Maritime Security and Threat of Terrorist Attack”, Pace International Law Review Vol. 34, Issue 2, 2022.
Saleh Arifin, “Pencegahan Aksi Kekerasan Maritim oleh Kelompok Abu Sayyaf di Laut Sulawesi – Sulu dalam Kerangka Keamanan Maritim (Studi kasus Kapal Tunda TB Brahma 12 – Kapal Tongkang BG Anand 12)”, Jurnal Keamanan Maritim, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2018.
Thomas A. Mensah, “The Place of the ISPS Code in the Legal International Regime for the Security of International Shipping”, WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2003.
Tonći Prodan, “Maritime Terrorism and Resilience of Maritime Critical Infrastructure”, National Security and the Future Vol. 18, No. 1-2, 2017, at 102.
Treaties
The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
SUA Convention 1988 and the SUA Protocols.
ISPS Code.
Safety of Life at Sea Convention 1974 (SOLAS 1974).
Website
Alsnosy Balbaa, “Protecting Seafarer’s Rights – the Need to Review the Implementation of the ISPS Code”, https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=13a76cb6ad12b18c4a99692405838e039234 a893, diakses pada 22 Juni 2023.
León Acevedo, Juan Pablo Pérez. 19 November 2019. “International Law and Maritime Terrorism” https://www.ejiltalk.org/international-law-and-maritime-terrorism/, diakses pada Kamis, 22 Juni 2023.
Alexander, Yonah, Maritime Terrorism: an Overview of Challenges and Responses in Terror on the High Seas: from Piracy to Strategic Challenge: Vol. 1, California: ABC-Clio.
Bowley, Robin. Preventing Terrorist Attacks at Sea: Maritime Terrorism Risk and International Law, New York: Routledge, 2023.
Carolin Liss, Ocean of Crime: Maritime Piracy and Transnatonal Security in Southeat Asia and Bangladesh, ISEAS Publication, Pasir Panjang: 2011.
Diajeng Wulan Christianti, Hukum Pidana Internasional, Sinar Grafika, Jakarta: 2021.
James Kraska, Contemporary Maritime Piracy: International Law, Strategy, and Diplomacy at Sea, California, ABC-CLIO: 2011.
Madhvendra Singh, “Maritime Counter-Terrorism: Navies of the World, Unite” in Maritime Conter-Terrorism A Pan-Asian Perspective, Dorling Kindersley, New Delhi: 2008.
Martin N. Murphy, Contemporary Piracy and Maritime Terrorism: The Threat on International Security, Routledge, New York: 2007.
Martin R. Murphy, Small Boats, Weak States, Dirty Money Piracy & Maritime Terrorism in the Modern World, HURST Publisher, London: 2008.
Michael Richardson, A Time Bomb for Global Trade: Maritime-Related Terrorism in an Age of Weapons of Mass Destruction, ISEAS Publication, Pasir Panjang: 2004.
Robert Haywood dan Roberta Spivak, Maritime Piracy, Routledge, New York: 2012.
Tolib Efendi, Hukum Pidana Internasional, Medpress Digital, Yogyakarta: 2014.
Journals
Abhijit Singh, “Maritime Terrorism in Asia: An Assessment”, OFR Occasional Paper, 2019.
Alviandini Nanda Fajriah dan Emmy Latifah, “Peran ASEAN dalam menanggulangi Terorisme di Laut sebagai Ancaman terhadap Keamanan Maritim”, Jurnal Belli ac Pacis, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2018.
Indrawan Putra, Try Satria & Lazarus Tri Setyawanta, “Pertanggungjawaban Negara terkait Permasalahan Hukum yang Timbul Akibat Indisiden Terorisme Maritim”, Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2020.
J. Ashley Roach, “Countering Piracy off Somalia: International Law and International Institutions”, The American Journal of International Law, Vol 104, No. 3, 2010.
Khalil Ur Rahman Rahman, “Piracy and Maritime Terrorism: Serious Perils to Sea Security”, Global Strategic & Security Studies Review, Vol. 5, No. 3, 2020.
Lydelle Joubert, “The Extent of Maritime Terrorism and Piracy: A Comparative Analysis”, Scentia Militaria, South African Journal of Military Studies, Vol. 1, No. 41.
Nadim Aktar dan Montaser Dar Nasser. “Terrorism at Sea: Role of International Legal Instruments and Challenges Ahead”, European Academic Research Vol. 5, No. 10, 2018.
Natalya A. Knyazeva dan Alexander I. Korobeev, “Maritime Terrorism and Piracy: The Threat to Maritime Security”, Mediterranean Journal of Social Science, Vol. 6, No. 6.
Nong Hong dan Adolf K.Y. Ng, “The International Legal Instruments in Addressing Piracy and Maritime Terrorism: A Critical Review”, Research in Transportation Economics 27 No. 1.
Oladipupo S. Alaka, “Fighting Piracy and Maritime Terrorism at Sea: The Perspective of International Law”, International Journal of Comparative Law and Legal Philosophy, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2021.
Rajput, Aniruddha. “Maritime Security and Threat of Terrorist Attack”, Pace International Law Review Vol. 34, Issue 2, 2022.
Saleh Arifin, “Pencegahan Aksi Kekerasan Maritim oleh Kelompok Abu Sayyaf di Laut Sulawesi – Sulu dalam Kerangka Keamanan Maritim (Studi kasus Kapal Tunda TB Brahma 12 – Kapal Tongkang BG Anand 12)”, Jurnal Keamanan Maritim, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2018.
Thomas A. Mensah, “The Place of the ISPS Code in the Legal International Regime for the Security of International Shipping”, WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2003.
Tonći Prodan, “Maritime Terrorism and Resilience of Maritime Critical Infrastructure”, National Security and the Future Vol. 18, No. 1-2, 2017, at 102.
Treaties
The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
SUA Convention 1988 and the SUA Protocols.
ISPS Code.
Safety of Life at Sea Convention 1974 (SOLAS 1974).
Website
Alsnosy Balbaa, “Protecting Seafarer’s Rights – the Need to Review the Implementation of the ISPS Code”, https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=13a76cb6ad12b18c4a99692405838e039234 a893, diakses pada 22 Juni 2023.
León Acevedo, Juan Pablo Pérez. 19 November 2019. “International Law and Maritime Terrorism” https://www.ejiltalk.org/international-law-and-maritime-terrorism/, diakses pada Kamis, 22 Juni 2023.