COMBATING TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIMES WITHIN ASEAN WATERS: ASEAN WAY VS. RULE OF LAW
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Abstract
Abstract
The strategic geographical situation of ASEAN waters, making this area often misused as a transportation method by the perpetrators of transnational organized crimes (TOC). Most cases are people smuggling, human trafficking, illicit drugs and even slavery. Recently, it is found that those crimes are often committed in one vessel accompanying illegal fishing. ASEAN countries are state parties to the Palermo Convention on Trans Organized Crimes and its protocols. In addition, they also bound with regional legal instruments such as on human trafficking, counter terrorism and mutual legal assistance. Nonetheless, crimes do not stop. Cases are often settled by diplomatic measures instead of law enforcement by the spirit of ASEAN Way. This brings vagueness and confusion among law enforcement officers, should ASEAN Way neglect the rule of law? Hence, the objective of the research is to examine the situation and give recommendations on legal models in the prevention and law enforcement of TOC within ASEAN waters. The author compared the EU's legal system and mechanism in combating the crimes within regional perspective. Research found that political approach is somehow prevailing by the virtue of ASEAN Way. Furthemore, this ASEAN Way seems to justify the weakness of ASEAN Countries in law enforcement in preventing as well as combating TOC in ASEAN waters. Although the EU is not an apple to apple regional organisation compared with ASEAN, they have similar legal framework and mechanism to combat TOC. Hence, we can be optimistic that the rule of law in ASEAN should be prioritized and not contravene with ASEAN Way.
Keywords: ASEAN Way, law enforcement, regional cooperation, rule of law, trans-national organized crimes.
Abstrak
Lokasi geografis perairan negara-negara ASEAN yang strategis seringkali disalahgunakan oleh para pelaku kejahatan transnasional terorganisir sebagai media transportasi. Berbagai kejahatan yang terjadi di wilayah perairan ini diantaranya penyelundupan manusia, perdagangan manusia, penyelundupan narkotika, penyelundupan flora fauna langka yang dilindungi dan bahkan perbudakan. Dalam perkembangannya ditemukan fakta bahwa kejahatan-kejahatan tersebut tidak berdiri sendiri melainkan dilakukan bersamaan dengan penangkap ikan ilegal. Negara-negara ASEAN adalah pihak terhadap Konvensi Palermo tentang Kejahatan Terorganisir dan protokol-protokol yang menyertainya. Artinya, mereka terikat dengan kewajiban untuk mengimplementasikan instrumen tersebut diantaranya dalam tindakan pencegahan dan penegakan hukum. Selain itu, negara-negara ASEAN juga terikat dengan berbagai instrumen regional misalnya terkait perdagangan manusia, terorisme dan bantuan timbal balik. Namun kejahatan masih terus terjadi. Berbagai kasus diselesaikan secara diplomatis dilandasi semangat ASEAN Way daripada penegakan hukum. Hal ini menimbulkan ketidakjelasan dan kebingungan di antara para penegak hukum, apakah semangat ASEAN Way lebih diutamakan daripada penegakkan hukum? Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi situasi yang terjadi dan menganalisanya guna memperoleh masukan berupa model terbaik dalam rangka pencegahan dan penegakan hukum terhadap kejahatan transnasional terorganisir. Penulis melakukan perbandingan dengan kerangka hukum dan mekanisme di EU untuk mengambil praktik terbaik. Hasil riset menyatakan bahwa pendekatan politis lebih diutamakan di ASEAN atas landasan ASEAN Way. Sehingga hal ini seolah menjadi pembenaran bagi lemahnya perlindungan dan penegakan hukum terhadap kejahatan transnasional terorganisir oleh negara-negara di ASEAN. Meskipun EU dapat dianggap bukan pembanding yang seimbang, namun EU memiliki kemiripan kerangka hukum dan mekanisme dengan ASEAN dalam pencegahan dan penanganan TOC. Oleh karenanya, penulis optimis bahwa pendekatan hukum perlu diprioritaskan dan hal ini tidak bertentangan dengan ASEAN Way.
Kata kunci: ASEAN Way, kejahatan di laut, kejahatan transnasional terorganisir, kerjasama regional, penegakan hukum, rule of law.
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