DEFINING EFFECTIVE CONTROL UNDER THE LAW OF OCCUPATION AFTER ISRAEL’S DISENGAGEMENT PLAN 2005
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Published:
Jun 1, 2021
Keywords:
Disengagement Plan 2005, Gaza, Occupation Law, Israel, Palestine
Main Article Content
Abstract
During the conflict between Israel and Palestine, Israel had occupied Palestinian territory. In 2005, Israel issued the Disengagement Plan, which led Israel to declare that they no longer had any legal obligation to administer the Gaza area as an Occupying Power. In this regard, Israel’s declaration is based on the Plan which governed their withdrawal from Gaza, followed by the recognition of Palestine’s authorities. However, the situation regarding Israel's occupation status on the ground said otherwise. This paper will analyze whether the Disengagement Plan revokes the status of Israel as an Occupying Power and thus Israel has no longer obligations toward the Occupied Territory. By analyzing the constitutive elements of belligerent occupation and comparing them with the factual condition, this paper found that Israel should be regarded as an occupying power over the territory of Gaza. Moreover, even though Israel rejects its status as occupying power, Israel is still obligated to comply with the applicable law of armed conflict.
Article Details
How to Cite
Tobias, E. (2021). DEFINING EFFECTIVE CONTROL UNDER THE LAW OF OCCUPATION AFTER ISRAEL’S DISENGAGEMENT PLAN 2005. Padjadjaran Journal of International Law, 5(2), 154-169. https://doi.org/10.23920/pjil.v5i2.768
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
REFERENCES
Book
Georg, Schwarzenberger, International Law as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals - The Law of Armed Conflict, London: Stevens & Sons, 1968.
Kolb, Robert and Richard Hyde, An Introduction to the International Law of Armed Conflict, Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2008.
Oppenheim, International Law: A Treaties Vol 2 Disputes, War and Neutrality, London: Longmans Green, 1952.
Solis, Gary, The Law of Armed Conflict, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Yoram Dinstein, The International Law of Belligerent Occupation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Journal
Adam Roberts, “The End of Occupation: Iraq 2004”, International Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 54, No. 1, 2005.
Avraham Sela, “The PLO at Fifty: A Historical Perspective,” Contemporary Review of the Middle East, vol. 1, no. 3, 2014.
Darcy, Shane and John Reynolds, “An Enduring Occupation: The Status of the Gaza Strip from the Perspective of International Humanitarian Law,” Journal of Conflict and Security Law, vol. 15, no. 2, 2010.
Elizabeth Samson, “Is Gaza Occupied?: Redefining the Status of Gaza Under International Law”, American University International Law Review, Vol. 25, No. 915.
Hanne Cuyckens, “Is Israel Still an Occupying Power in Gaza,” Netherlands International Law Review, vol. 63, 2016.
Jamal El-Hindi, “The West Bank Aquifer and Conventions Regarding Laws of Belligerent Occupation,” Michigan Journal of International Law, vol 11, no. 4, 1990.
Mohamad Lardo, “The Occupying Power According to the International Humanitarian Law: Case Study in Gaza Strip,” Padjadjaran Journal of International Law, vol. 4, no. 2, 2020.
Mustafa Mari, “The Israeli Disengagement from the Gaza Strip: An End of the Occupation?,” Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, 2007.
Qandeel, Mais. Enforcing Human Rights of Palestinians in the Occupied Territory, Switzerland: Carl Grossmann, 2018.
Sher, Gilead and Anat Kurz, Negotiating in Times of Conflict, Tel Aviv: Institute for National Security Studies, 2015.
Tristan Ferraro, “Determining the Beginning and End of an Occupation Under International Humanitarian Law,” International Review of the Red Cross, vol. 94, no. 885, 2012.
Weinthal, Erika and Jeannie Sowers, “Targeting Infrastructure and Livelihoods in the West Bank and Gaza”, International Affairs, Vol. 95, Issue 2, 2019.
Yuval Shanny, “Faraway, So Close: The Legal Status of Gaza After Israel’s Disengagment,” Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, vol. 8, no. 12–06, 2006.
Legal Documents
Al-Basyuni v. Prime Minister of Israel, Judgement of HCJ 9132/07 30 January 2008.
Bassiouni Ahmed (et.al) v. Prime Minister (Judgment) HCJ 9132/07 (30 January 2008)
Case Concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Congo v. Uganda), Judgement of 19 December 2005.
Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land 1907
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International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Prosecutor v. Naletilic (Judgement), IT-98-34-T, 2003.
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Resolutions adopted by the General Assembly on 17 August 2007, GA Res. UN Doc. A/62/275 (2007).
The Disengagement Plan, 18 April 2004, accessed on https://mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/mfadocuments/pages/disengagement%20plan%20%20general%20outline.aspx
United Nation Security Council, Resolution 1546 (2004).
United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1860 (2009).
United Nations Security Council, Resolution 2334 (2016).
US Tribunal at Nuremberg, Hostages trial, Law Reports of Trial of War Criminals, Vol. III, UN War Crimes Commission, 1949, London.
Other Documents
Aljazeera, “Hamas and Fatah: How Are the Two Groups Different,” 2017, https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/10/12/hamas-and-fatah-how-are-the-two-groups-different.
Aljazeera, “Hamas and Fatah: How are the two groups different”, Aljazeera, https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/10/12/hamas-and-fatah-how-are-the-two-groups-different, accessed on 20 January 2022
Aljazeera, “Operation Cast Lead Five years on: We Are Still Demanding Justice”, https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/1/19/operation-cast-lead-five-years-on-we-are-still-demanding-justice. Accessed on 20 January 2022
Amnesty International, “Gaza: Operation Cast Lead,” Amnesty International UK, https://www.amnesty.org.uk/gaza-operation-cast-lead. Accessed on 20 January 2022
Amnesty International, The Occupation of Water. Accessed on https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2017/11/the-occupation-of-water/
Human Rights Watch, “Turn Gaza’s Lights Back On”. Accessed on https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/06/26/turn-gazas-lights-back
ICRC, “Convention (IV) Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War,” ICRC, 1958, accessed on https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Comment.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=030537C0A8EE01DFC12563CD0042A6BE.
International Commission of Jurist, “Under Occupation: Unprotected and Unvaccinated. Israel’s Denial of Equitable Access to COVID-19 Vaccines in the Occupied Palestinian Territory”, Briefing Paper, 2021, p. 12.
World Bank, “Electricity Non-Payment and Arrears destabilize the Palestinian Economy”. Accessed on https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2015/04/08/electricity-non-payment-and-arrears-destabilize-the-palestinian-economy
Book
Georg, Schwarzenberger, International Law as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals - The Law of Armed Conflict, London: Stevens & Sons, 1968.
Kolb, Robert and Richard Hyde, An Introduction to the International Law of Armed Conflict, Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2008.
Oppenheim, International Law: A Treaties Vol 2 Disputes, War and Neutrality, London: Longmans Green, 1952.
Solis, Gary, The Law of Armed Conflict, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Yoram Dinstein, The International Law of Belligerent Occupation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Journal
Adam Roberts, “The End of Occupation: Iraq 2004”, International Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 54, No. 1, 2005.
Avraham Sela, “The PLO at Fifty: A Historical Perspective,” Contemporary Review of the Middle East, vol. 1, no. 3, 2014.
Darcy, Shane and John Reynolds, “An Enduring Occupation: The Status of the Gaza Strip from the Perspective of International Humanitarian Law,” Journal of Conflict and Security Law, vol. 15, no. 2, 2010.
Elizabeth Samson, “Is Gaza Occupied?: Redefining the Status of Gaza Under International Law”, American University International Law Review, Vol. 25, No. 915.
Hanne Cuyckens, “Is Israel Still an Occupying Power in Gaza,” Netherlands International Law Review, vol. 63, 2016.
Jamal El-Hindi, “The West Bank Aquifer and Conventions Regarding Laws of Belligerent Occupation,” Michigan Journal of International Law, vol 11, no. 4, 1990.
Mohamad Lardo, “The Occupying Power According to the International Humanitarian Law: Case Study in Gaza Strip,” Padjadjaran Journal of International Law, vol. 4, no. 2, 2020.
Mustafa Mari, “The Israeli Disengagement from the Gaza Strip: An End of the Occupation?,” Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, 2007.
Qandeel, Mais. Enforcing Human Rights of Palestinians in the Occupied Territory, Switzerland: Carl Grossmann, 2018.
Sher, Gilead and Anat Kurz, Negotiating in Times of Conflict, Tel Aviv: Institute for National Security Studies, 2015.
Tristan Ferraro, “Determining the Beginning and End of an Occupation Under International Humanitarian Law,” International Review of the Red Cross, vol. 94, no. 885, 2012.
Weinthal, Erika and Jeannie Sowers, “Targeting Infrastructure and Livelihoods in the West Bank and Gaza”, International Affairs, Vol. 95, Issue 2, 2019.
Yuval Shanny, “Faraway, So Close: The Legal Status of Gaza After Israel’s Disengagment,” Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, vol. 8, no. 12–06, 2006.
Legal Documents
Al-Basyuni v. Prime Minister of Israel, Judgement of HCJ 9132/07 30 January 2008.
Bassiouni Ahmed (et.al) v. Prime Minister (Judgment) HCJ 9132/07 (30 January 2008)
Case Concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Congo v. Uganda), Judgement of 19 December 2005.
Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land 1907
Geneva Convention IV
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Prosecutor v. Naletilic (Judgement), IT-98-34-T, 2003.
Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Section III of The Disengagement Plan 2004
Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly on 4 December 2012, Resolution A/RES/67/19 (2012).
Resolutions adopted by the General Assembly on 17 August 2007, GA Res. UN Doc. A/62/275 (2007).
The Disengagement Plan, 18 April 2004, accessed on https://mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/mfadocuments/pages/disengagement%20plan%20%20general%20outline.aspx
United Nation Security Council, Resolution 1546 (2004).
United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1860 (2009).
United Nations Security Council, Resolution 2334 (2016).
US Tribunal at Nuremberg, Hostages trial, Law Reports of Trial of War Criminals, Vol. III, UN War Crimes Commission, 1949, London.
Other Documents
Aljazeera, “Hamas and Fatah: How Are the Two Groups Different,” 2017, https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/10/12/hamas-and-fatah-how-are-the-two-groups-different.
Aljazeera, “Hamas and Fatah: How are the two groups different”, Aljazeera, https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/10/12/hamas-and-fatah-how-are-the-two-groups-different, accessed on 20 January 2022
Aljazeera, “Operation Cast Lead Five years on: We Are Still Demanding Justice”, https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/1/19/operation-cast-lead-five-years-on-we-are-still-demanding-justice. Accessed on 20 January 2022
Amnesty International, “Gaza: Operation Cast Lead,” Amnesty International UK, https://www.amnesty.org.uk/gaza-operation-cast-lead. Accessed on 20 January 2022
Amnesty International, The Occupation of Water. Accessed on https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2017/11/the-occupation-of-water/
Human Rights Watch, “Turn Gaza’s Lights Back On”. Accessed on https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/06/26/turn-gazas-lights-back
ICRC, “Convention (IV) Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War,” ICRC, 1958, accessed on https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Comment.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=030537C0A8EE01DFC12563CD0042A6BE.
International Commission of Jurist, “Under Occupation: Unprotected and Unvaccinated. Israel’s Denial of Equitable Access to COVID-19 Vaccines in the Occupied Palestinian Territory”, Briefing Paper, 2021, p. 12.
World Bank, “Electricity Non-Payment and Arrears destabilize the Palestinian Economy”. Accessed on https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2015/04/08/electricity-non-payment-and-arrears-destabilize-the-palestinian-economy