POTENTIAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSBOUNDARY HARM CAUSED BY GENETIC MODIFIED ORGANISM AS MECHANISM FOR BIOREMEDIATION: A CASE STUDY IN CORAL TRIANGLE BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT
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Published:
Aug 7, 2022
Keywords:
Bioremediation, Coral Triangle Initiative, LMO, precautionary principle, transboundary harm
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Abstract
Biotechnology was introduced to the world of industries in the early 2000s. Its profound impact has continued shaping the mechanism of environmental clean-up. The development of biotechnology has received a wide variety of attention. Hence, bioremediation becomes integral to the notion of sustainability for environment quality. Especially, within oil & gas sector the damage can be substantial towards the environment longevity. Specifically, one of the most monumental in terms of potential harm is offshore oil & gas operations. On the other hand, the sophistication within oil & gas sector has become a rapid development over the last few years. It’s based on fact the oil & gas ought to be drilled deeper within the ocean floor. As the depth of drilling increase, so does the complexity of the oil composition. With this, regular bioremediation mechanism might not be able to handle the structural chemical complexity. Thus, a genetic modification appeared as the most efficient effort to reduce environmental damage and strike out the oil chemical complexity. However, it’s easier said than done. This because ethically, the modification potentially could harm the natural environment. Not just nationally but also transboundary. Therefore, the issue also discusses a new area of multidisciplinary approach where expected law meets an unprecedented amount of scientific efficiency.
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Putra, R. M. (2022). POTENTIAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSBOUNDARY HARM CAUSED BY GENETIC MODIFIED ORGANISM AS MECHANISM FOR BIOREMEDIATION: A CASE STUDY IN CORAL TRIANGLE BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT. Padjadjaran Journal of International Law, 6(1), 116-136. https://doi.org/10.23920/pjil.v6i1.992
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References
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Amitaya Rakshit, Manoj Parihar, Binoy Sarkar, Harikesh B. Singh, and Leondardo Fernandes Fraceto, CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group: Sao Paulo, 2021, pg 3.
Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) by Bioaugmentation and Biostimulation in Water with
Khalid Sayed, Lavanla Baloo, and Naresh Kumar Sharma, Bioremediation of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) by Bioaugmentation and Biostimulation in Water with Floating Oil Spill Containment Booms as Bioreactor Basin, International Journal of Environmental and Research, MDPI, Vol. 18, No. 2226, pg.11-12.
John Pauli, Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) as Invasive Species, Journal of Environment Protection and Sustainable Development, Vol. 4, No. 3, American Institute of Science, 2018, pg.33.
John Pauli, Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) as Invasive Species, Journal of Environment Protection and Sustainable Development, Vol. 4, No. 3, American Institute of Science, 2018, pg.33.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid
IPBES (2018): The IPBES regional assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services for Asia and the Pacific. Karki, M., Senaratna Sellamuttu, S., Okayasu, S., and Suzuki, W. (eds). Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Bonn, Germany. 612 pages, pg.9.
Reniel Cabral, Annabelle Cruz-Trinidad, Rollan Geronimo, and Protifirio Alino. Opportunities and Challenges in the Coral Triangle, Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, ACS Publication, 2012, pg.7930.
P. F. Cowman & D. R. Bellwood, Coral Reefs as Drivers of Cladogeneisis: Expanding Coral Reefs, Cryptic Extinction Events, and the Development of Biodiversity Hotspots, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, Vol. 24, European Society for Evolutionary Biology, pg.2548.
Saraswati, A. L., & Pinatih, N. K. D. A. (2021). Strategi Keamanan Maritim Indonesia terhadap Maritime Piracy di Laut Sulu Tahun 2016. Jurnal Transformasi Global, 7(1), 114-143, pg.115.
Kaewkamol Pitakdumrongkit, Sustainable Development: Can ASEAN Lead the Process, RSIS Commentary, Vol. 168, S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University, 2018, pg.3.
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Adriana Sinclair, International Relations Theory and International Law A Critical Approach, Cambridge: Cambridge Unviersity Press, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, pg.28.
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Ibid, pg.380.
Khanna, Tarun, Raffaella Sadun, and Susie L. Ma. "Engineering an Inclusive Bioeconomy." Harvard Business School Case 720-356, September 2019. (Revised August 2020.)
Dinah Shelton, Comments on the Normative Challenge of Environmental “Soft Law,” in THE TRANSFORMATION OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 61–71 (Yann Kerbrat & Sandrine Malijean-Dubois ed., 2011), pg.64.
Kirk, Elizabeth. "Science and the international regulation of marine pollution." The Oxford Research Handbook on the Law of the Sea. Oxford University Press, 2015. 516-535.
Oral, Nilufer. The International Law Commission and the Progressive Development and Codification of Principles of International Environmental Law., FIU Law Review Vol. 13 No. 1075, 2018, pg.1080.
Schrijver, N. (1995). Sovereignty over natural resources: Balancing rights and duties in an interdependent world. Groningen: University Library Groningen, pg.108.
Tuerk, H. (2021). Questions Relating to the Continental Shelf Beyond 200 Nautical Miles: Delimitation, Delineation, and Revenue Sharing. International Law Studies, 97(1), 18., pg.7.
Rudolf Bernhardt, Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Law of the Sea, Air, and Space, Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, 1989, pg.109.
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2005, p. 168, par. 112.
Malcolm N. Shaw, International Law 6th Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, pg.123.
Ibid, pg.22.
Lada Soljan, The General Obligation to Prevent Transboundary Harm and its Relation to Four Key Environmental Principles, Austrian Review of International & European Law, Vol. 3, 1998, pg. 210-212.
Robert P. barnidge JR., The Due Dilligence Principle Under International Law, International Community Law Review, Vol. 8, No. 81, 2006, pg.84.
Ibid.
Philippe Sands, Principles of International Environmental Law 2nd Edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
Malgosia Fitzmaurice, David M. Ong, and Panos Merkouris, Research Handbook on International Environmental Law, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2010, pg.255.
Michael G. Faure and Roy A. Partain, Environmental Law and Economics Theory and Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019, pg.105-107.
Thomas F. P. Sullivan, Environmental Law Handbook 22nd Edition, Maryland: Bernan Press, 2014, pg.2
Thomas F. P. Sullivan, Environmental Law Handbook 22nd Edition, Maryland: Bernan Press, 2014, pg.2.
Michael Redclift and Delyse Springett, Routledge International Handbook of Sustainable Development, London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2015, pg.317
Diana M Liverman, Geographic Perspectives on Sustainable Development Goals: Constructive Engangements and Critical Perspectives on the MDGs and the SDGs, Dialogue in Human Geography Journal. Vol. 8 No. 2, University of Arizona, 2018, pg.173.
Anne Stephens, Ellen D. Lewis, and Shravanti Reddy,
Christina Voigt, Legal Aspects of Sustainable Development Sustainable Development as a Principle of International Law Resolving Conflicts between Climate Measures and WTO Law Volume 2, Leiden-Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2009, pg.14-16.
Nico Schrrijver and Friedl Weiss, International Law and Sustainable Development Principles and Practice, Leiden/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2004, pg.21.
Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) and Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2015, p. 665, par. 107-109.
Jason Rudall, International Court of Justice, Monetary Damages Awarded—Method of Calculating Damages to the Environment—Overall Valuation—Pre- and Post-Judgment Interest, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 112, No. 2, 2018, pg.290-291.
Tamar Meshel and Moin A. Yahya, International Water Law and Fresh Water Dispute Resoultion: A Cosean Perspective, 2021, Vol. 92, Journal of University of Colorado Review, pg. 543.
Slavko Bogdanovic, The Internatoinal Law Association Helsinki Rules Contribution to International Water Law, International Water Law 3.4, Brill, pg. 88-90.
Bardo Fassbender and Anne Peters, The Oxford Handbook of The History of International Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, pg. 207
Michael Bowman, Peter Davies, Edward Goodwin, Research Handook on Biodiversity and Law Research Handbooks in Environmental Law, Chelthenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2016, pg.43.
Waseem Ahmad Qureshi, “Marine Biodiveristy Conservation: The International Legal and Framework Challenges”, Houston Journal of International Law, Vol. 40, No. 5, 2018, pg.867.
Sands, Philippe. "Climate change and the rule of law: Adjudicating the future in international law." Journal of Environmental Law, Vol. 28., No. 1 (2016): 19-35., pg.20
Ed Couzens, Alexander Paterson, Sophie Riley, and Yanti Fristikawati, Protecting Forest and Marine Biodiversity: The Role of Law IUCN Academy of Environmental Law Series, Chelthenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2017, pg.228.
Jin Chenhao and Xu Yupeng, Risk Analysis and Emergency Response to Marine Oil Spill Environmental Pollution, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, No. 687, pg.1
Ibid, pg 4.
Sabu Abdulhameed, N. S. Pradeep, and Shiburaj Sugathan, Bioresources and Biprocess in Biotechnology Vol. 1: Status and Strategies for Exploration, Kannur: Springer Publishing, 2017, pg 49.
Simon Marsden and Elizabeth Brandon, Regional Environmental Governance in Asia, Chelthenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015, pg 39.
Elise Johansen, Signe Veierud Busch, and Ingvild Ulrikee Jakobsen, The Law of the Sea and Climate Change Solutions and Constraints, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021, pg 192.
Sabu Abdulhameed, N. S. Pradeep, and Shiburaj Sugathan, Op. Cit., pg 50.
Ruth Mackenzie, Francoise Burhenne_Guilmin, Antonion La Vina, and Jacob D. Werksman, An Explanatory Guide to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, IUCN Environmental Law Center, IUCN World Conservation Union, 2003, pg. 32-34.
Offshore energy will power the world: 2021-2040 FPSO forecast (worldoil.com), accessed Friday, 20/8/2021.
Torrey Canyon: The world’s first major oil tanker disaster https://safety4sea.com/cm-torrey-canyon-the-worlds-first-major-oil-tanker-disaster/, accessed Sunday,
Marc Reid, The Piper Alpha Disaster: A Personal Perspective with Transferrable Lessons on the Long-Term Moral Impact of Safety Failures, Journal of ACS Chemical Health & Safety, 27, 2020,pg90-91.
Robert K. Perrons, Assessing the Damage Caused by Deepwater Horizon: Not Just Another Exxon Valdez, Journal of Marine Pollution Buletin, No. 71, 2013, pg 20-21.
Case of Montara Oil Spill: 10 Years, One Lawsuit, https://icel.or.id/en/news/icel-in-the-news/case-of-montara-oil-spill-10-years-one-lawsuit/, accessed Sunday, 21/11/2021.
Nita Ghei, The Role of Reciprocity in International Law, Cornell International Law Journal, Vol. 36, Issue 1, 2003, pg 105.
Tim Stephens, International Courts and Environmental Protection Cambridge Studies in International and Environmental Protection, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009, pg 40.
Abhishek Panchal, Lauren T. Swientoniewski, Marzhana Omarova, Tianyi Yu, Donghui Zhang, Diane A. Blake, Vijay John, Yuri M. Lvov, Bacterial proliferation on clay nanotube Pickering emulsions for oil spill bioremediation, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, Volume 164, 2018, Pages 27-33, ISSN 0927-7765, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.01.021, pg 28.
Amitaya Rakshit, Manoj Parihar, Binoy Sarkar, Harikesh B. Singh, and Leondardo Fernandes Fraceto, CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group: Sao Paulo, 2021, pg 3.
Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) by Bioaugmentation and Biostimulation in Water with
Khalid Sayed, Lavanla Baloo, and Naresh Kumar Sharma, Bioremediation of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) by Bioaugmentation and Biostimulation in Water with Floating Oil Spill Containment Booms as Bioreactor Basin, International Journal of Environmental and Research, MDPI, Vol. 18, No. 2226, pg.11-12.
John Pauli, Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) as Invasive Species, Journal of Environment Protection and Sustainable Development, Vol. 4, No. 3, American Institute of Science, 2018, pg.33.
John Pauli, Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) as Invasive Species, Journal of Environment Protection and Sustainable Development, Vol. 4, No. 3, American Institute of Science, 2018, pg.33.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid
IPBES (2018): The IPBES regional assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services for Asia and the Pacific. Karki, M., Senaratna Sellamuttu, S., Okayasu, S., and Suzuki, W. (eds). Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Bonn, Germany. 612 pages, pg.9.
Reniel Cabral, Annabelle Cruz-Trinidad, Rollan Geronimo, and Protifirio Alino. Opportunities and Challenges in the Coral Triangle, Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, ACS Publication, 2012, pg.7930.
P. F. Cowman & D. R. Bellwood, Coral Reefs as Drivers of Cladogeneisis: Expanding Coral Reefs, Cryptic Extinction Events, and the Development of Biodiversity Hotspots, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, Vol. 24, European Society for Evolutionary Biology, pg.2548.
Saraswati, A. L., & Pinatih, N. K. D. A. (2021). Strategi Keamanan Maritim Indonesia terhadap Maritime Piracy di Laut Sulu Tahun 2016. Jurnal Transformasi Global, 7(1), 114-143, pg.115.
Kaewkamol Pitakdumrongkit, Sustainable Development: Can ASEAN Lead the Process, RSIS Commentary, Vol. 168, S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University, 2018, pg.3.
Julius Cesar Trajano, Lina Gong, Margareth Sembiring, and Rini Astuti, Marine Environmental Protection in the South China Sea: Challenges and Prospects Part I, NTS Insight, No. IN-17, RSIS, S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University, 2017, pg.6,
Adriana Sinclair, International Relations Theory and International Law A Critical Approach, Cambridge: Cambridge Unviersity Press, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, pg.28.
Andrew Clapham, Briely’s Law of Nations Seventh Edition An Introduction to the Role of International Law in International Relations, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, pg.379.
Ibid, pg.380.
Khanna, Tarun, Raffaella Sadun, and Susie L. Ma. "Engineering an Inclusive Bioeconomy." Harvard Business School Case 720-356, September 2019. (Revised August 2020.)
Dinah Shelton, Comments on the Normative Challenge of Environmental “Soft Law,” in THE TRANSFORMATION OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 61–71 (Yann Kerbrat & Sandrine Malijean-Dubois ed., 2011), pg.64.
Kirk, Elizabeth. "Science and the international regulation of marine pollution." The Oxford Research Handbook on the Law of the Sea. Oxford University Press, 2015. 516-535.
Oral, Nilufer. The International Law Commission and the Progressive Development and Codification of Principles of International Environmental Law., FIU Law Review Vol. 13 No. 1075, 2018, pg.1080.
Schrijver, N. (1995). Sovereignty over natural resources: Balancing rights and duties in an interdependent world. Groningen: University Library Groningen, pg.108.
Tuerk, H. (2021). Questions Relating to the Continental Shelf Beyond 200 Nautical Miles: Delimitation, Delineation, and Revenue Sharing. International Law Studies, 97(1), 18., pg.7.
Rudolf Bernhardt, Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Law of the Sea, Air, and Space, Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, 1989, pg.109.
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2005, p. 168, par. 112.
Malcolm N. Shaw, International Law 6th Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, pg.123.
Ibid, pg.22.
Lada Soljan, The General Obligation to Prevent Transboundary Harm and its Relation to Four Key Environmental Principles, Austrian Review of International & European Law, Vol. 3, 1998, pg. 210-212.
Robert P. barnidge JR., The Due Dilligence Principle Under International Law, International Community Law Review, Vol. 8, No. 81, 2006, pg.84.
Ibid.
Philippe Sands, Principles of International Environmental Law 2nd Edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
Malgosia Fitzmaurice, David M. Ong, and Panos Merkouris, Research Handbook on International Environmental Law, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2010, pg.255.
Michael G. Faure and Roy A. Partain, Environmental Law and Economics Theory and Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019, pg.105-107.
Thomas F. P. Sullivan, Environmental Law Handbook 22nd Edition, Maryland: Bernan Press, 2014, pg.2
Thomas F. P. Sullivan, Environmental Law Handbook 22nd Edition, Maryland: Bernan Press, 2014, pg.2.
Michael Redclift and Delyse Springett, Routledge International Handbook of Sustainable Development, London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2015, pg.317
Diana M Liverman, Geographic Perspectives on Sustainable Development Goals: Constructive Engangements and Critical Perspectives on the MDGs and the SDGs, Dialogue in Human Geography Journal. Vol. 8 No. 2, University of Arizona, 2018, pg.173.
Anne Stephens, Ellen D. Lewis, and Shravanti Reddy,
Christina Voigt, Legal Aspects of Sustainable Development Sustainable Development as a Principle of International Law Resolving Conflicts between Climate Measures and WTO Law Volume 2, Leiden-Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2009, pg.14-16.
Nico Schrrijver and Friedl Weiss, International Law and Sustainable Development Principles and Practice, Leiden/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2004, pg.21.
Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) and Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2015, p. 665, par. 107-109.
Jason Rudall, International Court of Justice, Monetary Damages Awarded—Method of Calculating Damages to the Environment—Overall Valuation—Pre- and Post-Judgment Interest, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 112, No. 2, 2018, pg.290-291.
Tamar Meshel and Moin A. Yahya, International Water Law and Fresh Water Dispute Resoultion: A Cosean Perspective, 2021, Vol. 92, Journal of University of Colorado Review, pg. 543.
Slavko Bogdanovic, The Internatoinal Law Association Helsinki Rules Contribution to International Water Law, International Water Law 3.4, Brill, pg. 88-90.
Bardo Fassbender and Anne Peters, The Oxford Handbook of The History of International Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, pg. 207
Michael Bowman, Peter Davies, Edward Goodwin, Research Handook on Biodiversity and Law Research Handbooks in Environmental Law, Chelthenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2016, pg.43.
Waseem Ahmad Qureshi, “Marine Biodiveristy Conservation: The International Legal and Framework Challenges”, Houston Journal of International Law, Vol. 40, No. 5, 2018, pg.867.
Sands, Philippe. "Climate change and the rule of law: Adjudicating the future in international law." Journal of Environmental Law, Vol. 28., No. 1 (2016): 19-35., pg.20
Ed Couzens, Alexander Paterson, Sophie Riley, and Yanti Fristikawati, Protecting Forest and Marine Biodiversity: The Role of Law IUCN Academy of Environmental Law Series, Chelthenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2017, pg.228.
Jin Chenhao and Xu Yupeng, Risk Analysis and Emergency Response to Marine Oil Spill Environmental Pollution, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, No. 687, pg.1
Ibid, pg 4.
Sabu Abdulhameed, N. S. Pradeep, and Shiburaj Sugathan, Bioresources and Biprocess in Biotechnology Vol. 1: Status and Strategies for Exploration, Kannur: Springer Publishing, 2017, pg 49.
Simon Marsden and Elizabeth Brandon, Regional Environmental Governance in Asia, Chelthenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015, pg 39.
Elise Johansen, Signe Veierud Busch, and Ingvild Ulrikee Jakobsen, The Law of the Sea and Climate Change Solutions and Constraints, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021, pg 192.
Sabu Abdulhameed, N. S. Pradeep, and Shiburaj Sugathan, Op. Cit., pg 50.
Ruth Mackenzie, Francoise Burhenne_Guilmin, Antonion La Vina, and Jacob D. Werksman, An Explanatory Guide to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, IUCN Environmental Law Center, IUCN World Conservation Union, 2003, pg. 32-34.