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Abstract
Abstrak
ASEAN Single Aviation Market (ASAM) telah dilaksanakan sejak 2015, dalam rangka mewujudkan ASEAN open sky policy. Meskipun demikian, masih terjadi situasi dan kondisi yang berbeda dalam penyediaan jasa angkutan udara antar negara-negara anggota ASEAN. Hal inilah yang menimbulkan sikap skeptis sebagian pihak akan keberhasilan ASAM, terutama bagi Indonesia. Market share penumpang yang didapatkan Indonesia sampai saat ini masih tertinggal dari sebagian besar negara ASEAN lainnya, bahkan kondisi tersebut makin memburuk tiap tahunnya. Bukan tidak mungkin, suatu saat ke depan industri penerbangan internasional Indonesia mengalami injury. Artikel ini akan memaparkan hasil analisa bagaimana bentuk perlindungan (safeguard) terhadap industri penerbangan nasional, yang terdapat dalam instrumen-instrumen hukum internasional di ASEAN. Pada dasarnya, safeguard adalah katup pengaman yang memungkinkan pemerintah untuk melindungi industri dalam negeri jika terjadi ‘injury’ karena peningkatan persaingan internasional yang dihasilkan dari komitmen liberalisasi. Lebih jauh, ASEAN hendaknya mengatur lebih lanjut jenis perlindungan dalam rangka memfasilitasi penyesuaian terhadap industri domestik jasa angkutan udara.
Kata kunci: angkutan udara; ASEAN; jasa; liberalisasi; safeguard.
Abstract
ASEAN Single Aviation Market (ASAM) have been implemented since 2015, in order to achieve the ASEAN Open sky policy. Nevertheless, it is still going on different situation and conditions (asymmetric playing field) in the provision of air transport services between the Member States of ASEAN. This raises some skepticism of the benefit of ASAM, especially for Indonesia. Market share of passenger number for Indonesia is still left behind from the majority of ASEAN Countries. This condition, even worsening every year. It is not impossible if the international aviation industry of Indonesia will suffer injury. This article will present safeguard form for national aviation industry according to international legal instrument in ASEAN. Essentially, safeguards are safety valves that allow governments to temporarily protect the domestic industry if it is injured by increased international competition resulting from liberalization commitments. Furthermore, ASEAN should define the provision on conducting domestic industrial adjustment of air transport services.
Keywords: air transport; ASEAN; liberalisation; safeguard; services.
Keywords
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References
- Buku
- Brian F. Havel, Beyond Open Skies, A New Regime for International Aviation, Kluwer International Law, Netherland: 2009.
- Christhophorus Barutu, Ketentuan Antidumping, Subsidi, dan Tindakan Pengaman (Safeguard) dalam GATT dan WTO, Citra Aditya Bakti, Bandung: 2007.
- Jason R. Robin, Regionalism in International Civil Aviation: A Reevaluation of The Economic Regulation of International Air Transport in The Context of Economic Integration, Singapore Year Book of International Law and Contributors, 2010.
- Marek Zylicz, International Air Transport Law, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Netherland: 1992.
- Muhammad Sood, Hukum Perdagangan Internasional, Rajawali Pers, Jakarta: 2011.
- Parashar Kulkarni, Emergency Safeguard Measures in GATS: Policy Options for South Asia, South Asian Yearbook, 2006.
- Shinta Dewi (eds), Perkembangan Hukum di Indonesia: Tinjauan Retrospeksi dan Prospektif, Remaja Rosdakarya, Bandung: 2012.
- Syamsul Arifin, dkk., Mayarakat Ekonomi ASEAN 2015: Memperkuat Sinergi ASEAN Di Tengah Kompetisi Global, Gramedia, Jakarta: 2012.
- Verschoor, An Introduction to Air Law, ninth revised edition, Walters Kluwer, Netherland: 2012.
- Wassenbergh, H.A., Public International Air Transportation Law in A New Era (Economic Regulation of International Air Carier Operation), Kluwer-Deventer, Netherlands: (tanpa tahun).
- Jurnal
- Adi Kusumanigrum, Pelaksanaan Pasal 5 (1) Charter of The Association of Southeast Asia Nation Bidang Jasa Angkutan Udara di Indonesia, Rechtidee Jurnal Hukum, Vol. 9, no. 1, 2014.
- Davis Knibb, ‘Liberalisation Breaking the Bilateral Web”, Airline Business, Vol. 26, no. 5, 2010.
- Ruwantissa Abeyratne, Liberalization of Trade Air Transport Services, Journal of World Invesment and Trade, ZDB-ID 20257181. - Vol. 4., 2003.
- Sehat Aditua F. Silalahi & Achmad Wirabrata, Strategi Dalam Menghadapi ASEAN Open Sky 2015, Jurnal Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Publik, Vo. 4, no. 1., 2013.
- Seth M. Warner, Liberalize Open Sky: Foreign Invesment And Cabotage Restrictions Keep Noncitizens in Second Class, The American University Law Review, Vol 43: 277, 1993.
- Tim Perbankan dan Enquiry Point, Emergency Safeguard Measures (ESM) sebagai Jaring Pengaman Kebijakan Liberalisasi Jasa, Buletin Hukum Perbankan dan Kebanksentralan, Volume 3, Nomor 2, Agustus 2005.
- 204
- Adi Kusumaningrum
- Pengaturan Safeguards Sektor Angkutan Udara Asean di Era Liberalisasi Jasa
- Peraturan Perundang-undangan/Perjanjian Internasional:
- ASEAN Multilateral Agreement on the Full Liberalization of Air Freight Services (ASEAN MAFLAFS), 2009.
- ASEAN Multilateral Agreement on Air Services (ASEAN MAAS), 2009.
- ASEAN Multilateral Agreement on the Full Liberalization of Passenger Air Service (ASEAN MAFLPAS), 2010.
- ASEAN Framework Agreemen on Service, 1995.
- Implementation Framework of The ASEAN Single Aviation Market.
References
Buku
Brian F. Havel, Beyond Open Skies, A New Regime for International Aviation, Kluwer International Law, Netherland: 2009.
Christhophorus Barutu, Ketentuan Antidumping, Subsidi, dan Tindakan Pengaman (Safeguard) dalam GATT dan WTO, Citra Aditya Bakti, Bandung: 2007.
Jason R. Robin, Regionalism in International Civil Aviation: A Reevaluation of The Economic Regulation of International Air Transport in The Context of Economic Integration, Singapore Year Book of International Law and Contributors, 2010.
Marek Zylicz, International Air Transport Law, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Netherland: 1992.
Muhammad Sood, Hukum Perdagangan Internasional, Rajawali Pers, Jakarta: 2011.
Parashar Kulkarni, Emergency Safeguard Measures in GATS: Policy Options for South Asia, South Asian Yearbook, 2006.
Shinta Dewi (eds), Perkembangan Hukum di Indonesia: Tinjauan Retrospeksi dan Prospektif, Remaja Rosdakarya, Bandung: 2012.
Syamsul Arifin, dkk., Mayarakat Ekonomi ASEAN 2015: Memperkuat Sinergi ASEAN Di Tengah Kompetisi Global, Gramedia, Jakarta: 2012.
Verschoor, An Introduction to Air Law, ninth revised edition, Walters Kluwer, Netherland: 2012.
Wassenbergh, H.A., Public International Air Transportation Law in A New Era (Economic Regulation of International Air Carier Operation), Kluwer-Deventer, Netherlands: (tanpa tahun).
Jurnal
Adi Kusumanigrum, Pelaksanaan Pasal 5 (1) Charter of The Association of Southeast Asia Nation Bidang Jasa Angkutan Udara di Indonesia, Rechtidee Jurnal Hukum, Vol. 9, no. 1, 2014.
Davis Knibb, ‘Liberalisation Breaking the Bilateral Web”, Airline Business, Vol. 26, no. 5, 2010.
Ruwantissa Abeyratne, Liberalization of Trade Air Transport Services, Journal of World Invesment and Trade, ZDB-ID 20257181. - Vol. 4., 2003.
Sehat Aditua F. Silalahi & Achmad Wirabrata, Strategi Dalam Menghadapi ASEAN Open Sky 2015, Jurnal Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Publik, Vo. 4, no. 1., 2013.
Seth M. Warner, Liberalize Open Sky: Foreign Invesment And Cabotage Restrictions Keep Noncitizens in Second Class, The American University Law Review, Vol 43: 277, 1993.
Tim Perbankan dan Enquiry Point, Emergency Safeguard Measures (ESM) sebagai Jaring Pengaman Kebijakan Liberalisasi Jasa, Buletin Hukum Perbankan dan Kebanksentralan, Volume 3, Nomor 2, Agustus 2005.
204
Adi Kusumaningrum
Pengaturan Safeguards Sektor Angkutan Udara Asean di Era Liberalisasi Jasa
Peraturan Perundang-undangan/Perjanjian Internasional:
ASEAN Multilateral Agreement on the Full Liberalization of Air Freight Services (ASEAN MAFLAFS), 2009.
ASEAN Multilateral Agreement on Air Services (ASEAN MAAS), 2009.
ASEAN Multilateral Agreement on the Full Liberalization of Passenger Air Service (ASEAN MAFLPAS), 2010.
ASEAN Framework Agreemen on Service, 1995.
Implementation Framework of The ASEAN Single Aviation Market.