The Implications of Indonesia's Food Import Regulations Harmonizing WTO Obligations and National Interest Protection
Main Article Content
Abstract
Indonesia's food import regulations have undergone significant changes, particularly following the DSB477/478 dispute with the United States and New Zealand. The introduction of the Job Creation Law further influenced these regulations by integrating them into a commodity balance system, which calculates the gap between domestic production and demand, resulting in quotas. However, as a WTO member, Indonesia must adhere to international trade agreements that prohibit such quotas under WTO rules and the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT). This study employs a normative juridical method to analyze food import policies within the framework of international law WTO, focusing on principles such as good faith and pacta sunt servanda. It aims to identify discrepancies between Indonesia's current food import regulations and WTO provisions, while exploring alternative policies that align with international commitments and safeguard national interests.
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How to Cite
Kebingin, A., R. Achmad Gusman Catur Siswandi, & Imam Mulyana. (2026). The Implications of Indonesia’s Food Import Regulations Harmonizing WTO Obligations and National Interest Protection. Padjadjaran Journal of International Law, 9(1). Retrieved from https://jurnal.fh.unpad.ac.id/index.php/pjil/article/view/2118
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Bossche, Peter Van den dkk, Pengantar Hukum WTO (World trade Organization), Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2010.
Bryan Riley, Tariffs Are Bad. Import Quotas Are Worse, National Taxpayers Union Foundation, 2019.
Catherine Button, The Power to Protect: Trade, Health, and Uncertainty in the WTO, Oregon: Hart Publishing, Oxford & Portland, 2004.
Huala Adolf, A. Chandrawulan, Masalah-Masalah Hukum dalam Perdagangan Internasional, Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada, 1994.
John H. Jackson, The World Trading System: Law and Policy of International Economic Relations, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997.
Krugman, Paul R., and Maurice Obstfeld, International Economics: Theory and Policy. Boston: Pearson, 10th ed. 2015.
Paarlberg, Robert, Food Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know, Oxford University Press, 2013.
Pangestu, Mari Elka, and Marti G. Sinaga, Trade Policy in the Asia-Pacific Region: A Comprehensive Study. Jakarta: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2016.
Peter Van den Bossche and Werner Zdouc, The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization, Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Raj Bhala, International Trade Law: Interdisciplinary Theory and Practice, Amerika Serikat: Lexis Nexis, Cet.3, 2007.
Sefriani, Hukum Internasional Suatu Pengantar, Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 2014.
Serlika Aprita, Rio Adhitya, Hukum Perdagangan Internasional, Depok: PT. Rajagrafindo Persada, ed.1, cet.1, 2020.
Shaw, Malcolm N., International Law, 6th ed., Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Sunandar, Taryana, Penulisan Karya Ilmiah Tentang Perkembangan Hukum Perdagangan Internasional dari GATT Sampai Terbentuknya WTO (World Trade Organization), Jakarta: Badan Pembinaan Hukum Internasional, Departemen Kehakiman, 1995.
Smith, Tim G. Trade, Food Security, and Human Rights: The Rules for International Trade in Agricultural Products and the Evolving World Food Crisis, Cambridge University Press, 2019.
World Trade Organization, The WTO and Agriculture: A Summary of the Agreement on Agriculture, Geneva: WTO, 2012.
Journal Article
Ahmad Ali, "Trade Protectionism and Its Implications for Food Imports: A Global Perspective," World Trade Journal 15, 2018.
Ahmad, Bambang. "Dinamika Perdagangan Pangan Indonesia: Tantangan dan Prospek." Jurnal Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis 12, 2020.
Arriza Briella Kurniawardhan, “Sejarah Organisasi Ekonomi Internasional: World Trade Organization (WTO)”, Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah, 2021.
Bella Oktaviani, “Kasus DS-477 DAN DS-478 Indonesia-New Zealand-America Importation of Horticultural Products, Animals and Animal Product Dikaitkan Dengan Prinsip Penghapusan Hambatan Kuantitatif”, Jurnal Program Magister Hukum Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia,2021.
Dina Widyaputri Kariodimedjo, “Prinsip Transparansi Dalam Perjanjian TBT dan SPS”, Mimbar Hukum Edisi Khusus, 2011.
Emma Wilson, "Towards Inclusive and Sustainable Trade: Strategies for Overcoming Barriers to Food Import Policy Implementation," International Development Journal 22, 2023.
Fatima Khan, "The Environmental and Social Implications of Food Imports: A Case Study of Region Y," Environmental Policy Review 18, 2019.
Hertel, Thomas W., and Mark A. Ash. "The Role of International Trade in Food Security" Global Food Security, vol. 5, 2016.
Hikmahanto Juwana, "Tantangan Implementasi Hukum Internasional di Indonesia," Jurnal Hukum Internasional, 2015.
Jane Smith, "Challenges in Implementing Food Import Policies: A Case Study of Country X," International Trade Review 25, 2020.
Jan Klabbers, "The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties: A Commentary", Oxford University Press: 2015.
John Doe, "The Importance of Food Imports: Addressing Global Food Security," Journal of Food Security Studies 10, 2019.
Michael Brown, "Global Trade Trends: Challenges and Opportunities for Food Import Policies," Global Economic Outlook 8, 2022.
Pingali, Prabhu. "Food Security in a Globalized World." Global Food Security, vol. 5, 2016.
Rachel Johnson, "The Role of Food Imports in Ensuring Food Security: A Comparative Analysis of Selected Countries," Food Policy Review 12, 2021.
Siti Muslimah and Emmy Latifah, “Perdagangan Internasional Dan Perlindungan Lingkungan Hidup: Sebuah ‘Trade-Off’ Pada Sistem WTO yang Memerlukan Penyelesaian,” Jurnal Bina Mulia Hukum 6, 2022.
Legal Documents
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) tahun 1969.
General Agreement Tariff and Trade (GATT).
Agreement on Agriculture (AoA)
Technical Barier to Trade (TBT) Agreement
Safeguards Agreement (SA)
Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2000 tentang Perjanjian Internasional
Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2010 tentang Hortikultura
Undang-Undang Nomor 18 Tahun 2012 tentang Pangan.
Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2014 tentang Perdagangan
Undang-Undang Nomor 41 Tahun 2014 tentang Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan
Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 5 Tahun 2021 tentang Penyelenggaraan Perizinan Berusaha Berbasis Risiko
Perpres Nomor 61 Tahun 2024 tentang Neraca Komoditas.
Permenkeu Nomor 56/PMK.010/2022 tentang Penetapan Tarif Bea Masuk Dalam Rangka Persetujuan Kemitraan Ekonomi Komprehensif antara Republik Indonesia dan Negara-Negara EFTA (Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement Between the Republic of Indonesia and the EFTA States).
Permentan 39 Tahun 2019 j.o 02 Tahun 2020 tentang Rekomendasi Impor Produk Hortikultura.
Keputusan Menteri Pertanian Nomor 105 Tahun 2017 tentang Persyaratan Teknis Impor Bawang Bombai.
Websites
Data BPS Rata-Rata Konsumsi per Kapita Seminggu Beberapa Macam Bahan Makanan Penting, 2007-2023, diakses melalui https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/1/OTUwIzE=/rata-rata-konsumsi-per-kapita-seminggu-beberapa-macam-bahan-makanan-penting--2007-2023.html.
“DS478: Indonesia — Importation of Horticultural Products, Animals and Animal Products”, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds478_e.htm.
DS 484: Indonesia — Tindakan Terkait Impor Daging Ayam dan Produk Ayam diakses melalui laman, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds484_e.htm.
FAQ, “kapan kita melakukan notifikasi?”, https://www.bsn.go.id/main/faq/index/180.
Pertemuan pertanian membahas hasil MC12, ketahanan pangan, keputusan di Nairobi dan Bali, diakses melalui https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news22_e/agri_27jun22_e.htm.
“The US sugar program: why Americans pay more for sugar”, https://dailyiowan.com/2022/01/18/opinion-the-us-sugar-program-why-americans-pay-more-for-sugar/.
“What is the Special Safeguard Mechanism (SSM)?”, https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/special-safeguard-mechanism-ssm.
Another Ducuments
Food Safety Commission of Japan, "Standards on Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides," Tokyo: FSCJ, 2019.
Paparan JWK Law Office, Importation of Horticultural Product, Animal and Animal Product, 11 Oktober 2015.
Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia. "Laporan Tahunan 2022: Kebijakan Impor Pangan." Jakarta: Kementerian Pertanian, 2022.
Laporan Akhir Dampak Yuridis Ratifikasi Final Act Uruguay Round, Jakarta: Departemen Perdagangan Republik Indonesia dan Program Pasca Sarjana Universitas Indonesia, 1995.
Ministry of Agriculture of Japan, "Plant Protection Act and the Importation of Fruits," Tokyo: MAFF, 2019.
Matrik Posisi Bilateral Sidang Komite SPS WTO Ke-74, 2019.
Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi No. 33/PUU-IX/2011.
Resume DS477/478, Proses Panel dan Appellate Body
World Bank. "Global Economic Prospects, June 2008" Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2008.
WTO, "Indonesia-Importation of Horticultural Products, Animals and Animal Products," Dispute Settlement: DS477, Appellate Body Report, WT/DS477/AB/R, 9 November 2017.
WTO, "Indonesia — Importation of Horticultural Products, Animals and Animal Products," Dispute Settlement: DS478, Panel Report, WT/DS478/R, 22 December 2016.
Bryan Riley, Tariffs Are Bad. Import Quotas Are Worse, National Taxpayers Union Foundation, 2019.
Catherine Button, The Power to Protect: Trade, Health, and Uncertainty in the WTO, Oregon: Hart Publishing, Oxford & Portland, 2004.
Huala Adolf, A. Chandrawulan, Masalah-Masalah Hukum dalam Perdagangan Internasional, Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada, 1994.
John H. Jackson, The World Trading System: Law and Policy of International Economic Relations, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997.
Krugman, Paul R., and Maurice Obstfeld, International Economics: Theory and Policy. Boston: Pearson, 10th ed. 2015.
Paarlberg, Robert, Food Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know, Oxford University Press, 2013.
Pangestu, Mari Elka, and Marti G. Sinaga, Trade Policy in the Asia-Pacific Region: A Comprehensive Study. Jakarta: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2016.
Peter Van den Bossche and Werner Zdouc, The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization, Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Raj Bhala, International Trade Law: Interdisciplinary Theory and Practice, Amerika Serikat: Lexis Nexis, Cet.3, 2007.
Sefriani, Hukum Internasional Suatu Pengantar, Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 2014.
Serlika Aprita, Rio Adhitya, Hukum Perdagangan Internasional, Depok: PT. Rajagrafindo Persada, ed.1, cet.1, 2020.
Shaw, Malcolm N., International Law, 6th ed., Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Sunandar, Taryana, Penulisan Karya Ilmiah Tentang Perkembangan Hukum Perdagangan Internasional dari GATT Sampai Terbentuknya WTO (World Trade Organization), Jakarta: Badan Pembinaan Hukum Internasional, Departemen Kehakiman, 1995.
Smith, Tim G. Trade, Food Security, and Human Rights: The Rules for International Trade in Agricultural Products and the Evolving World Food Crisis, Cambridge University Press, 2019.
World Trade Organization, The WTO and Agriculture: A Summary of the Agreement on Agriculture, Geneva: WTO, 2012.
Journal Article
Ahmad Ali, "Trade Protectionism and Its Implications for Food Imports: A Global Perspective," World Trade Journal 15, 2018.
Ahmad, Bambang. "Dinamika Perdagangan Pangan Indonesia: Tantangan dan Prospek." Jurnal Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis 12, 2020.
Arriza Briella Kurniawardhan, “Sejarah Organisasi Ekonomi Internasional: World Trade Organization (WTO)”, Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah, 2021.
Bella Oktaviani, “Kasus DS-477 DAN DS-478 Indonesia-New Zealand-America Importation of Horticultural Products, Animals and Animal Product Dikaitkan Dengan Prinsip Penghapusan Hambatan Kuantitatif”, Jurnal Program Magister Hukum Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia,2021.
Dina Widyaputri Kariodimedjo, “Prinsip Transparansi Dalam Perjanjian TBT dan SPS”, Mimbar Hukum Edisi Khusus, 2011.
Emma Wilson, "Towards Inclusive and Sustainable Trade: Strategies for Overcoming Barriers to Food Import Policy Implementation," International Development Journal 22, 2023.
Fatima Khan, "The Environmental and Social Implications of Food Imports: A Case Study of Region Y," Environmental Policy Review 18, 2019.
Hertel, Thomas W., and Mark A. Ash. "The Role of International Trade in Food Security" Global Food Security, vol. 5, 2016.
Hikmahanto Juwana, "Tantangan Implementasi Hukum Internasional di Indonesia," Jurnal Hukum Internasional, 2015.
Jane Smith, "Challenges in Implementing Food Import Policies: A Case Study of Country X," International Trade Review 25, 2020.
Jan Klabbers, "The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties: A Commentary", Oxford University Press: 2015.
John Doe, "The Importance of Food Imports: Addressing Global Food Security," Journal of Food Security Studies 10, 2019.
Michael Brown, "Global Trade Trends: Challenges and Opportunities for Food Import Policies," Global Economic Outlook 8, 2022.
Pingali, Prabhu. "Food Security in a Globalized World." Global Food Security, vol. 5, 2016.
Rachel Johnson, "The Role of Food Imports in Ensuring Food Security: A Comparative Analysis of Selected Countries," Food Policy Review 12, 2021.
Siti Muslimah and Emmy Latifah, “Perdagangan Internasional Dan Perlindungan Lingkungan Hidup: Sebuah ‘Trade-Off’ Pada Sistem WTO yang Memerlukan Penyelesaian,” Jurnal Bina Mulia Hukum 6, 2022.
Legal Documents
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) tahun 1969.
General Agreement Tariff and Trade (GATT).
Agreement on Agriculture (AoA)
Technical Barier to Trade (TBT) Agreement
Safeguards Agreement (SA)
Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2000 tentang Perjanjian Internasional
Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2010 tentang Hortikultura
Undang-Undang Nomor 18 Tahun 2012 tentang Pangan.
Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2014 tentang Perdagangan
Undang-Undang Nomor 41 Tahun 2014 tentang Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan
Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 5 Tahun 2021 tentang Penyelenggaraan Perizinan Berusaha Berbasis Risiko
Perpres Nomor 61 Tahun 2024 tentang Neraca Komoditas.
Permenkeu Nomor 56/PMK.010/2022 tentang Penetapan Tarif Bea Masuk Dalam Rangka Persetujuan Kemitraan Ekonomi Komprehensif antara Republik Indonesia dan Negara-Negara EFTA (Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement Between the Republic of Indonesia and the EFTA States).
Permentan 39 Tahun 2019 j.o 02 Tahun 2020 tentang Rekomendasi Impor Produk Hortikultura.
Keputusan Menteri Pertanian Nomor 105 Tahun 2017 tentang Persyaratan Teknis Impor Bawang Bombai.
Websites
Data BPS Rata-Rata Konsumsi per Kapita Seminggu Beberapa Macam Bahan Makanan Penting, 2007-2023, diakses melalui https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/1/OTUwIzE=/rata-rata-konsumsi-per-kapita-seminggu-beberapa-macam-bahan-makanan-penting--2007-2023.html.
“DS478: Indonesia — Importation of Horticultural Products, Animals and Animal Products”, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds478_e.htm.
DS 484: Indonesia — Tindakan Terkait Impor Daging Ayam dan Produk Ayam diakses melalui laman, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds484_e.htm.
FAQ, “kapan kita melakukan notifikasi?”, https://www.bsn.go.id/main/faq/index/180.
Pertemuan pertanian membahas hasil MC12, ketahanan pangan, keputusan di Nairobi dan Bali, diakses melalui https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news22_e/agri_27jun22_e.htm.
“The US sugar program: why Americans pay more for sugar”, https://dailyiowan.com/2022/01/18/opinion-the-us-sugar-program-why-americans-pay-more-for-sugar/.
“What is the Special Safeguard Mechanism (SSM)?”, https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/special-safeguard-mechanism-ssm.
Another Ducuments
Food Safety Commission of Japan, "Standards on Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides," Tokyo: FSCJ, 2019.
Paparan JWK Law Office, Importation of Horticultural Product, Animal and Animal Product, 11 Oktober 2015.
Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia. "Laporan Tahunan 2022: Kebijakan Impor Pangan." Jakarta: Kementerian Pertanian, 2022.
Laporan Akhir Dampak Yuridis Ratifikasi Final Act Uruguay Round, Jakarta: Departemen Perdagangan Republik Indonesia dan Program Pasca Sarjana Universitas Indonesia, 1995.
Ministry of Agriculture of Japan, "Plant Protection Act and the Importation of Fruits," Tokyo: MAFF, 2019.
Matrik Posisi Bilateral Sidang Komite SPS WTO Ke-74, 2019.
Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi No. 33/PUU-IX/2011.
Resume DS477/478, Proses Panel dan Appellate Body
World Bank. "Global Economic Prospects, June 2008" Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2008.
WTO, "Indonesia-Importation of Horticultural Products, Animals and Animal Products," Dispute Settlement: DS477, Appellate Body Report, WT/DS477/AB/R, 9 November 2017.
WTO, "Indonesia — Importation of Horticultural Products, Animals and Animal Products," Dispute Settlement: DS478, Panel Report, WT/DS478/R, 22 December 2016.