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Abstract
An in rem lawsuit, as regulated in the Draft Law on Criminal Asset Forfeiture, is a legal procedure involving the revocation of asset ownership without imposing punishment, processed through the civil justice system. Although it resembles general civil procedural law, it differs in several key aspects, including the parties involved, legal relationships, procedural timing, burden of proof, and legal remedies. These distinctions aim to address the legal needs of society, particularly in recovering state losses from corruption. However, given that civil procedural law functions as formal "rules of the game" (spelregels), it is essential to evaluate whether the specific regime of in rem lawsuits aligns with the broader principles of civil procedural law. Not all developments in civil procedural law conform to these general principles, so the unique aspects of in rem lawsuits require careful scrutiny. This research uses a normative juridical approach and descriptive analysis, drawing on the academic paper of the Asset Forfeiture Bill, the general principles of Indonesian civil procedural law, and a comparative analysis of civil procedural law with the specific characteristics of the asset forfeiture regime.
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References
- Buku
- Bernard L. Tanya, Teori Hukum. Edisi Revisi, Genta Publishing, Yogyakarta: 2006.
- Efa Laela Fakhriah, Kapita Selekta Hukum Acara Perdata Indonesia, Mandar Maju, Bandung: 2019.
- Hendri Jayadi, Buku Ajar Hukum Acara Perdata, Publika Global Media, Jakarta: 2022.
- Mochtar Kusumaatmadja, Hukum, Masyarakat dan Pembinaan Hukum Nasional, Binacipta, Bandung: 1976.
- Reda Manthovani, Rezim Anti Pencucian Uang dan Perolehan Hasil Kejahatan di Indonesia, CV. Malibu, Jakarta: 2012.
- Retno Wulan Sutantio, Hukum Acara Perdata dalam Teori dan Praktek, Mandar Maju, Bandung: 2019.
- Stefan D. Cassela, Asset Forfeiture Law in the United States, Huntington, New York: 2006.
- Subekti, Hukum Acara Perdata, Cet. 2, Bina Cipta, Jakarta: 1952.
- Sudikno Mertokusumo, Hukum Acara Perdata Indonesia, ctk. Kesatu, Edisi Ketujuh, Liberty, Yogyakarta: 2006.
- Supomo, Hukum Acara Perdata, Cet. 17, PT. Pradoyo Paramita, Jakarta: 2005.
- United Nations, United Nations Convention Against Corruption 2003, diterjemahkan oleh United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, UNODC, Jakarta: 2009.
- Jurnal
- Anita Afriana, “Dasar Filosofis dan Inklusivitas Gugatan Sederhana dalam Sistem Peradilan Perdata”, UBELAJ, Vol. 3, No. 1, April 2018, hlm. 1.
- Darliyanti Ussu, “Hukum Pembuktian dalam Perkara Perdata”, Lex Privatum, Vol.2, No.1, Maret 2014, hlm. 129.
- David Scott Romantz, “Civil Forfeiture and The Constitution: A Legislative Abrogation of Right and The Judicial Response: The Guilt of the Res”, 28, Suffolk University Law Review, 1994, hlm. 391.
- Efa Laela Fakhriah, “Actio Popularis (Citizen Lawsuit ) dalam Prespektif Hukum Acara Perdata Indonesia”, Pustaka Unpad, hlm. 9.
- Irving A. Pianin, “Criminal Forfeiture: Attacking the Economic Dimension of Organized Narcotics Trafficking,” American University Law Review, Vol. 32, No. 227, 1982, hlm. 234.
- Matthew P. Harrington, “Rethinking In Rem: The Supreme Court’s New (and Misguided) Approach to Civil Forfeiture”, Yale Law & Policy Review, No. 2, Vol. 12, 1994, hlm. 286.
- Refki Saputra, “Tantangan Penerapan Perampasan Aset Tanpa Tuntutan Pidana (Non-Conviction Based Asset Forfeiture) dalam RUU Perampasan Aset di Indonesia”, Jurnal Integritas, Vol. 3, No. 1, Maret 2017, hlm. 122.
- Stefan D. Cassella, “Provision of the USA Patriot Act Relating to Asset Forfeiture in Transnasional Cases”, Journal of Financial Crime, No.4, Vol.10, 2003, hlm. 303.
- Tood Barnet, “Legal Fiction and Forfeiture: A Historical Analysis of the Civil Asset Forfeiture Reform Act”, 40, Duquesne Law Review Fall, 2001, hlm. 94.
- Peraturan Hukum
- Hasil Penyelarasan Naskah Akademik Rancangan Undang-Undang tentang Perampasan Aset terkait dengan Tindak Pidana.
- Herziene Indonesisch Reglement (HIR)
- Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata
- Rechtsreglement Buitengewesten (Rbg)
- Reglement op de Rechtsvordering (Rv)
- Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 1947 tentang Peradilan Ulangan di Jawa dan Madura.
- Undang-Undang Nomor 48 Tahun 2009 tentang Kekuasaan Kehakiman
- Undang-Undang Nomor 14 Tahun 1985 tentang Mahkamah Agung
- Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 2004 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 14 Tahun 1985 tentang Mahkamah Agung.
- Sumber lain
- Anita Afriana, Perkuliahan Kapita Selekta Hukum Acara Perdata, Universitas Padjadjaran, [20/ 02/ 2023].
- Arko Kanadianto, “Konsep Gugatan Citizen Lawsuit Di Indonesia”, http://jurnaltransportasi.blogspot.com/, hlm. 1, [diakses pada 03/08/2024].
- Hukum Online, “ 6 Prinsip Pembuktian dalam Hukum Acara Perdata”, diakses dari https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/prinsip-pembuktian-hukum-acara-perdata-lt6433b5e539383/?page=1, [diakses pada 13/04/2024].
- Hukum Online, “RUU Perampasan Aset Tindak Pidana: Menambah Amunisi untuk Memberantas Kejahatan”, Hukum Online, 2023, Hlm. 5.
References
Buku
Bernard L. Tanya, Teori Hukum. Edisi Revisi, Genta Publishing, Yogyakarta: 2006.
Efa Laela Fakhriah, Kapita Selekta Hukum Acara Perdata Indonesia, Mandar Maju, Bandung: 2019.
Hendri Jayadi, Buku Ajar Hukum Acara Perdata, Publika Global Media, Jakarta: 2022.
Mochtar Kusumaatmadja, Hukum, Masyarakat dan Pembinaan Hukum Nasional, Binacipta, Bandung: 1976.
Reda Manthovani, Rezim Anti Pencucian Uang dan Perolehan Hasil Kejahatan di Indonesia, CV. Malibu, Jakarta: 2012.
Retno Wulan Sutantio, Hukum Acara Perdata dalam Teori dan Praktek, Mandar Maju, Bandung: 2019.
Stefan D. Cassela, Asset Forfeiture Law in the United States, Huntington, New York: 2006.
Subekti, Hukum Acara Perdata, Cet. 2, Bina Cipta, Jakarta: 1952.
Sudikno Mertokusumo, Hukum Acara Perdata Indonesia, ctk. Kesatu, Edisi Ketujuh, Liberty, Yogyakarta: 2006.
Supomo, Hukum Acara Perdata, Cet. 17, PT. Pradoyo Paramita, Jakarta: 2005.
United Nations, United Nations Convention Against Corruption 2003, diterjemahkan oleh United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, UNODC, Jakarta: 2009.
Jurnal
Anita Afriana, “Dasar Filosofis dan Inklusivitas Gugatan Sederhana dalam Sistem Peradilan Perdata”, UBELAJ, Vol. 3, No. 1, April 2018, hlm. 1.
Darliyanti Ussu, “Hukum Pembuktian dalam Perkara Perdata”, Lex Privatum, Vol.2, No.1, Maret 2014, hlm. 129.
David Scott Romantz, “Civil Forfeiture and The Constitution: A Legislative Abrogation of Right and The Judicial Response: The Guilt of the Res”, 28, Suffolk University Law Review, 1994, hlm. 391.
Efa Laela Fakhriah, “Actio Popularis (Citizen Lawsuit ) dalam Prespektif Hukum Acara Perdata Indonesia”, Pustaka Unpad, hlm. 9.
Irving A. Pianin, “Criminal Forfeiture: Attacking the Economic Dimension of Organized Narcotics Trafficking,” American University Law Review, Vol. 32, No. 227, 1982, hlm. 234.
Matthew P. Harrington, “Rethinking In Rem: The Supreme Court’s New (and Misguided) Approach to Civil Forfeiture”, Yale Law & Policy Review, No. 2, Vol. 12, 1994, hlm. 286.
Refki Saputra, “Tantangan Penerapan Perampasan Aset Tanpa Tuntutan Pidana (Non-Conviction Based Asset Forfeiture) dalam RUU Perampasan Aset di Indonesia”, Jurnal Integritas, Vol. 3, No. 1, Maret 2017, hlm. 122.
Stefan D. Cassella, “Provision of the USA Patriot Act Relating to Asset Forfeiture in Transnasional Cases”, Journal of Financial Crime, No.4, Vol.10, 2003, hlm. 303.
Tood Barnet, “Legal Fiction and Forfeiture: A Historical Analysis of the Civil Asset Forfeiture Reform Act”, 40, Duquesne Law Review Fall, 2001, hlm. 94.
Peraturan Hukum
Hasil Penyelarasan Naskah Akademik Rancangan Undang-Undang tentang Perampasan Aset terkait dengan Tindak Pidana.
Herziene Indonesisch Reglement (HIR)
Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata
Rechtsreglement Buitengewesten (Rbg)
Reglement op de Rechtsvordering (Rv)
Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 1947 tentang Peradilan Ulangan di Jawa dan Madura.
Undang-Undang Nomor 48 Tahun 2009 tentang Kekuasaan Kehakiman
Undang-Undang Nomor 14 Tahun 1985 tentang Mahkamah Agung
Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 2004 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 14 Tahun 1985 tentang Mahkamah Agung.
Sumber lain
Anita Afriana, Perkuliahan Kapita Selekta Hukum Acara Perdata, Universitas Padjadjaran, [20/ 02/ 2023].
Arko Kanadianto, “Konsep Gugatan Citizen Lawsuit Di Indonesia”, http://jurnaltransportasi.blogspot.com/, hlm. 1, [diakses pada 03/08/2024].
Hukum Online, “ 6 Prinsip Pembuktian dalam Hukum Acara Perdata”, diakses dari https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/prinsip-pembuktian-hukum-acara-perdata-lt6433b5e539383/?page=1, [diakses pada 13/04/2024].
Hukum Online, “RUU Perampasan Aset Tindak Pidana: Menambah Amunisi untuk Memberantas Kejahatan”, Hukum Online, 2023, Hlm. 5.