Articles

Terang Tak Selalu Benderang: Analisis Pengaturan Polusi Cahaya dan Intergenerational Justice di Indonesia

    Authors

  • Nasya Nurul Amalina Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Indonesia
Published 2026-10-06
Section Articles

Abstract

ABSTRAK

Polusi cahaya menimbulkan bahaya multidimensional yang besar, mulai dari kerusakan ekosistem sampai gangguan kesehatan manusia. Sayangnya, Indonesia belum memiliki kerangka hukum yang optimal dalam menanggulangi permasalahan tersebut. Akibatnya, terjadi hambatan dalam mewujudkan keadilan lintas generasi yang optimal. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif dan metode studi pustaka untuk melihat kekosongan hukum yang terjadi dalam tatanan hukum nasional. Hasilnya, ketentuan yang ada saat ini hanya terbatas kepada pengaturan internal gedung tanpa adanya baku mutu emisi luar ruang yang mengikat maupun mekanisme penilaian dampak yang diwajibkan. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan pengadopsian lighting impact assessment ke dalam aturan tertulis sekaligus mendorong penggunaan instrumen hukum tata ruang untuk mewujudkan tata kelola lingkungan yang lebih berkelanjutan.

Kata kunci: hukum lingkungan; keadilan lintas generasi; penataan ruang; polusi cahaya 

ABSTRACT

Light pollution leads to significant multidimensional hazards, ranging from ecosystem damage to human health problems. Unfortunately, Indonesia lacks an optimal legal framework to address this issue. Consequently, there are obstacles to achieving optimal intergenerational justice. This research uses a normative juridical approach and a desk study method to examine the legal gaps within the national legal system. As a result, existing regulations are limited to internal building regulations without binding outdoor emission standards or mandatory impact assessment mechanisms. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt lighting impact assessments into written regulations and encourage the use of spatial planning legal instruments to achieve more sustainable environmental governance.

Keywords: environmental law; intergenerational justice; light pollution; spatial planning

    Keywords

  • hukum lingkungan
  • keadilan lintas generasi
  • penataan ruang
  • polusi cahaya

References

  1. Buku
  2. Karacagil, Zeynel. 2018. "History of Sustainability." Dalam Current Debates on Social Sciences 13, disunting oleh Şenel Gerçek, Bilge Doğanlı, dan M. Veysel Kaya, 365–378. London: IJOPEC Publication.
  3. Ohlsson, J., dan T. Skillington. 2023. "Intergenerational Justice." Dalam Theorising Justice: A Primer for Social Scientists, disunting oleh J. Ohlsson dan S. Przybylinski, 221–238. Bristol: Bristol University Press. https://doi.org/10.56687/9781529232233-018.
  4. Priyanta, Maret, dkk. 2021. Buku Ajar Hukum Tata Ruang. Bandung: Logoz Publishing.
  5. Weiss, Edith Brown. In Fairness to Future Generations: International Law, Common Patrimony, and Intergenerational Equity. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Transnational Publishers, 1989.
  6. Wibowo, A. R. R. 2025. "Kajian Kebijakan Langit Gelap untuk Pembangunan Berkelanjutan." Dalam Keantariksaan untuk Masyarakat dan Kemajuan Bangsa: Konsep dan Kebijakan, disunting oleh T. Djamaluddin dan F. Nuraeni, 95–112. Jakarta: Penerbit BRIN.
  7. Peraturan Perundang-undangan
  8. Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945
  9. Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1960 tentang Peraturan Dasar Pokok-Pokok Agraria
  10. Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2002 tentang Bangunan Gedung
  11. Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup
  12. Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2014 tentang Standardisasi dan Penilaian Kesesuaian
  13. Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2023 tentang Penetapan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja Menjadi Undang-Undang
  14. Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2024 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1990 tentang Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Hayati dan Ekosistemnya
  15. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 16 Tahun 2021 tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2002 tentang Bangunan Gedung
  16. Peraturan Presiden Nomor 45 Tahun 2018 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Kawasan Perkotaan Cekungan Bandung
  17. Peraturan Presiden Nomor 111 Tahun 2022 tentang Pelaksanaan Pencapaian Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan
  18. Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Jawa Barat Nomor 2 Tahun 2016 tentang Pedoman Pengendalian Kawasan Bandung Utara Sebagai Kawasan Strategis Provinsi Jawa Barat
  19. Keputusan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 48 Tahun 1996 tentang Baku Tingkat Kebisingan
  20. Keputusan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 49 Tahun 1996 tentang Baku Tingkat Getaran
  21. Keputusan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 50 Tahun 1996 tentang Baku Tingkat Kebauan
  22. Jurnal/Artikel
  23. Adianti, Shelly Yunita. 2020. "Perencanaan Tata Ruang sebagai Upaya Mewujudkan Pembangunan Kota Berkelanjutan (Studi Analisis Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Kota Mojokerto)." Jurnal Ilmiah Administrasi Publik (JIAP) 6 (1): 108–114.
  24. Ahmadi, Mosleh, dan Mohammad Azad Ahmadi. 2022. "The Indication Methods and Techniques of Urban Light Pollution." International Journal of Architectural Engineering & Urban Planning 32 (1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.22068/ijaup.528.
  25. Caruana, Ryan. 2024. "Intergenerational Equity: A Move Towards Environmental Justice." Online Law Journal: 1–15. https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/133139.
  26. Gallarati, Francesco. 2024. "Intergenerational Justice from Theory to Practice: The Rights of Future (and Present) Generations in Climate Litigation." Istituzioni del Federalismo 49 (2): 55–82.
  27. James, Peter, Kimberly A. Bertrand, Jaime E. Hart, Eva S. Schernhammer, Rulla M. Tamimi, dan Francine Laden. 2017. "Outdoor Light at Night and Breast Cancer Incidence in the Nurses' Health Study II." Environmental Health Perspectives 125 (8): 087010. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP935.
  28. Karpińska, Dominika, dan Mieczysław Kunz. 2023. "Measuring Light Pollution in the Night Sky – From Technology Demonstrator to Monitoring System." Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 33 (1): 53–70. https://doi.org/10.59440/ceer-2023-0004.
  29. Koszelnik-Leszek, Anna, Iwona Gruss, Magda Podlaska, Renata Kieloch, dan Maciej Komorowski. 2024. "Impact of Excessive Artificial Light at Night (ALAN) on Species Diversity of Plants and Epigeic Insects." Scientific Reports 14: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-51523-8.
  30. Law, Chun Kit, Savannah Yan Tsing Lai, dan Joseph Hung Kit Lai. 2024. "Light Pollution Control: Comparative Analysis of Regulations Across Civil and Common Law Jurisdictions." Laws 13 (6): 1–18.
  31. Li, Xuan, Sen Zhu, dan Fujian Qi. 2023. "Blue Light Pollution Causes Retinal Damage and Degeneration by Inducing Ferroptosis." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 238: 112617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112617.
  32. Lim, Hong Soo, Jack Ngarambe, Jeong Tai Kim, dan Gon Kim. 2018. "The Reality of Light Pollution: A Field Survey for the Determination of Lighting Environmental Management Zones in South Korea." Sustainability 10 (2): 373. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020373.
  33. Longcore, Travis, Airam Rodríguez, Blair Witherington, Jay F. Penniman, Lorna Herf, dan Michael Herf. 2018. "Rapid Assessment of Lamp Spectrum to Quantify Ecological Effects of Light at Night." Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological and Integrative Physiology 329 (8–9): 511–521.
  34. Marilang. 2012. "Ideologi Welfare State Konstitusi: Hak Menguasai Negara Atas Barang Tambang." Jurnal Konstitusi 9 (2): 253–274.
  35. Sánchez de Miguel, Alejandro, Jonathan Bennie, Emma Rosenfeld, Simon Dzurjak, dan Kevin J. Gaston. 2021. "First Estimation of Global Trends in Nocturnal Power Emissions Reveals Acceleration of Light Pollution." Remote Sensing 13 (16): 3311.
  36. Skandali, Christina, Thanos Balafoutis, Maria Papadaki, Stelios Zerefos, dan Lambros Doulos. 2024. "Light Pollution: Definition, Consequences, Human Knowledge, and Disclosure Strategies." E3S Web of Conferences 585: 01001.
  37. Sugirman, Andi. 2023. "The Principle of Intergenerational Justice in Environmental Management and Its Relation to the Concept of Sustainable Development." Al-Bayyinah 7 (1): 115–128. https://doi.org/10.35673/al-bayyinah.v7i1.4367.
  38. Touitou, Yvan, Alain Reinberg, dan Danièle Touitou. 2017. "Association Between Light at Night, Melatonin Secretion, Sleep Deprivation, and the Internal Clock: Health Impacts and Mechanisms of Circadian Disruption." Life Sciences 193: 94–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2017.10.039.
  39. Umstead, Katrina. 2024. "Afraid for the Dark: Regulating Light Pollution Under the Clean Water Act." William & Mary Law Review 65 (6): 1533–1572.
  40. Weschke, E., J. Schligler, I. Hely, T. Roost, J.-A. Schies, B. Williams, B. Dworzanski, S. C. Mills, R. Beldade, S. D. Simpson, dan A. N. Radford. 2024. "Artificial Light Increases Nighttime Prevalence of Predatory Fishes, Altering Community Composition on Coral Reefs." Global Change Biology 30 (12): e17600.
  41. Sumber Lain
  42. Brown Weiss, Edith. 2021. Intergenerational Equity. Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law. Disunting oleh Anne Peters. 2021. Accessed 27 Juli 2026. https://doi.org/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e1421.
  43. LightingEurope. 2025. Position Paper on Artificial Light at Night (ALAN). 9 Juli 2025. Accessed 27 Juli 2026. https://www.lightingeurope.org/images/WG_VoL_-ALAN_Position_Paper--_20250709.pdf.
  44. Republic of Korea. 2012. Act on the Prevention of Light Pollution due to Artificial Lighting. Act No. 11261, 1 Februari 2012 (terakhir diubah dengan Act No. 16610, 26 November 2019). Diterjemahkan dan dipublikasikan oleh Korea Legislation Research Institute. Accessed 27 Juli 2026. https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_mobile/viewer.do?hseq=52771&key=39&type=part.
  45. Secretariat of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. 2020. National Light Pollution Guidelines for Wildlife Including Marine Turtles, Seabirds and Migratory Shorebirds. 2020. Accessed 27 Juli 2026. https://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/cms_light_pollution_guidelines_complete_0.pdf.
  46. Starlight Initiative. Declaration in Defence of the Night Sky and the Right to Starlight (La Palma Declaration). La Palma: UNESCO, UNWTO, IAU, UNEP-CMS, 2007.
  47. UN General Assembly. The Human Right to a Clean, Healthy and Sustainable Environment. UN Doc. A/RES/76/300, July 28, 2022.
  48. Universitas Gadjah Mada. 2024. Study Identifies 462 Environmental Cases in Indonesia over 74 Years. 29 April 2024. Accessed 27 Juli 2026. https://ugm.ac.id/en/news/study-identifies-462-environmental-cases-in-indonesia-over-74-years/.
Issue Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): LITRA Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan Tata Ruang dan Agraria, Volume 6, Nomor 1, Oktober 2026

License

Copyright (c) 2026 Nasya Nurul Amalina

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.